Sex differences in visual-spatial working memory: A meta-analysis
Citations
160 citations
Cites background from "Sex differences in visual-spatial w..."
...Nevertheless, the largest sex difference, with males outperforming females, is seen in spatial ability, and meta-analyses indicate that spatial superiority in males exist in both rodents and primates (Jonasson, 2005; Voyer et al., 2016)....
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129 citations
Cites background from "Sex differences in visual-spatial w..."
...A recent meta-analysis explicitly directed at identifying potential sex differences in working memory affirmed a female advantage in object location memory and suggested that there may be a male advantage in nback tasks [83]....
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115 citations
Cites background from "Sex differences in visual-spatial w..."
...Finally, the high classification accuracy in bilateral precuneus might be linked to the established male advantage in visuospatial working memory, which has recently been demonstrated based on a large meta-analysis (Voyer et al. 2017)....
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106 citations
94 citations
Cites background from "Sex differences in visual-spatial w..."
...Women generally report higher spatial anxiety than men (Huang & Voyer, 2017; Lawton, 1994; Lawton & Kallai, 2002) and lower self-confidence in spatial tasks (Huang & Voyer, 2017; O’Laughlin & Brubaker, 1998)....
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References
37,989 citations
"Sex differences in visual-spatial w..." refers methods in this paper
...Concerning the Egger et al. (1997) method, the standard normal deviate for the effect size is regressed on precision....
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...Specifically, despite potential drawbacks, the Begg and Mazumdar (1994) and the Egger et al. (1997) approaches were used as additional tests for potential publication bias in the present sample....
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23,126 citations
19,282 citations
"Sex differences in visual-spatial w..." refers background or methods or result in this paper
...However, as a small number of level-2 units precludes calculations of robust standard errors (Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002), this approach could only be applied to task with sufficient numbers of level 2 units....
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...Overall sex differences in visual-spatial working memory Examination of the combined effect size was performed by computing a null model where the test of significance for the intercept is examined (Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002)....
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...model using a full maximum likelihood approach, as recommended by Raudenbush and Bryk (2002). As such, moderators were examined one at a time in models....
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...In contrast, multilevel linear modeling (MLM) was designed to handle the type of hierarchical design represented in most meta-analyses without requiring independence of the effect sizes (Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002)....
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...…of mixed-effects meta-analysis (when all effects sizes were independent or did not include enough samples to compute robust standard errors (Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002) or multilevel modeling (in the case of nonindependent effect sizes with enough samples to compute robust standard errors) to…...
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18,170 citations
"Sex differences in visual-spatial w..." refers background or methods in this paper
...A preliminary data analysis was conducted to identify outliers, defined as effect sizes that were more than 3.29 standard deviat ions2 from the grand mean (as recommended by Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007)....
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...The examination 2 The specific criterion of 3.29 proposed by Tabachnick and Fidell (2007) is based on the notion that scores that deviate from the mean by that amount are linked with a probability of 0.001 in the normal distribution....
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