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Journal ArticleDOI

Sex, Power, and Money: Prediction from the Dark Triad and Honesty–Humility

TL;DR: In this paper, data were collected from two undergraduate student samples to examine the relation of the dark triad variables (Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Narcissism) with the HEXACO personality dim...
Abstract: Data were collected from two undergraduate student samples to examine (i) the relations of the ‘Dark Triad’ variables (Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Narcissism) with the HEXACO personality dim...
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Short Dark Triad (SD3) is developed and validated, a brief proxy measure that provides efficient, reliable, and valid measures of the DarkTriad of personalities.
Abstract: Three socially aversive traits—Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy—have been studied as an overlapping constellation known as the Dark Triad. Here, we develop and validate the Short Dark Triad (SD3), a brief proxy measure. Four studies (total N = 1,063) examined the structure, reliability, and validity of the subscales in both community and student samples. In Studies 1 and 2, structural analyses yielded three factors with the final 27 items loading appropriately on their respective factors. Study 3 confirmed that the resulting SD3 subscales map well onto the longer standard measures. Study 4 validated the SD3 subscales against informant ratings. Together, these studies indicate that the SD3 provides efficient, reliable, and valid measures of the Dark Triad of personalities.

1,322 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...The SD3 questionnaire has already drawn support from other research groups (e.g., Arvan, 2011; Ashton-James & Levordashka, 2013; Baughman, Dearing, Giammarco, & Vernon, 2011; Giammarco, Atkinson, Baughman, Veselka, & Vernon, 2013; Holtzman, 2011; Lee et al., 2013)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There are now dozens of studies on the dark triad and, according to Google Scholar, over 350 citations as discussed by the authors The goal of this review is to update and critically evaluate this rapidly expanding literature.
Abstract: Ten years ago Paulhus and Williams (2002) called attention to the 'Dark Triad', a constellation of three conceptually distinct but empirically overlapping personality variables. The three members -- Machiavellianism, narcissism and subclinical psychopathy -- often show differential correlates but share a common core of callous-manipulation. There are now dozens of studies on the triad and, according to Google Scholar, over 350 citations. The goal of this review is to update and critically evaluate this rapidly expanding literature. The standard measures of each Dark Triad member are reviewed along with newer combination measures. The Dark Triad members are located in in mainstream structural models, namely, the interpersonal circumplex as well as Five- and Six-Factor Models. Key issues and controversies are addressed. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

976 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Research and theory on the HEXACO personality dimensions of Honesty-Humility (H), Agreeableness (A), and Emotionality (E) are reviewed, with particular attention to the origin and content of the H, A, and E factors in lexical studies of personality structure.
Abstract: We review research and theory on the HEXACO personality dimensions of Honesty-Humility (H), Agreeableness (A), and Emotionality (E), with particular attention to the following topics: (1) the origins of the HEXACO model in lexical studies of personality structure, and the content of the H, A, and E factors in those studies; (2) the operationalization of the H, A, and E factors in the HEXACO Personality Inventory–Revised; (3) the construct validity of self-reports on scales measuring the H factor; (4) the theoretical distinction between H and A; (5) similarity and assumed similarity between social partners in personality, with a focus on H and A; (6) the extent to which H (and A and E) variance is represented in instruments assessing the “Five-Factor Model” of personality; and (7) the relative validity of scales assessing the HEXACO and Five-Factor Model dimensions in predicting criteria conceptually relevant to H, A, and E.

618 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings show that dark triad traits are substantially intercorrelated, somewhat more prevalent among men than women, predominantly related to the Big Five personality factor of agreeableness and the HEXACO factor of honesty-humility, and generally associated with various types of negative psychosocial outcomes.
Abstract: The term dark triad refers to the constellation of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Over the past few years, the concept has gained momentum, with many researchers assuming that the dark triad is a prominent antecedent of transgressive and norm-violating behavior. Our purpose in this meta-analytic review was to evaluate (a) interrelations among narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy; (b) gender differences in these traits; (c) how these traits are linked to normal personality factors; and (d) the psychosocial correlates of the dark triad. Our findings show that dark triad traits are substantially intercorrelated, somewhat more prevalent among men than women, predominantly related to the Big Five personality factor of agreeableness and the HEXACO factor of honesty-humility, and generally associated with various types of negative psychosocial outcomes. We question whether dark triad traits are sufficiently distinct and argue that the way they are currently measured is too simple to capture the malevolent sides of personality. Because most research in this domain is cross-sectional and based on self-reports, we recommend using a cross-informant approach and prospective, longitudinal research designs for studying the predictive value of dark triad features.

503 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the possibility that conspicuous displays of consumption and benevolence might serve as ''costly signals'' of desirable mate qualities, and found that romantic motives seem to produce highly strategic and sex-specific self-presentations best understood within a costly signaling framework.
Abstract: Conspicuous displays of consumption and benevolence might serve as \"costly signals\" of desirable mate qualities. If so, they should vary strategically with manipulations of mating-related motives. The authors examined this possibility in 4 experiments. Inducing mating goals in men increased their willingness to spend on conspicuous luxuries but not on basic necessities. In women, mating goals boosted public--but not private--helping. Although mating motivation did not generally inspire helping in men, it did induce more helpfulness in contexts in which they could display heroism or dominance. Conversely, although mating motivation did not lead women to conspicuously consume, it did lead women to spend more publicly on helpful causes. Overall, romantic motives seem to produce highly strategic and sex-specific self-presentations best understood within a costly signaling framework.

483 citations

References
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Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the universals in the content and structure of values, concentrating on the theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries, and its four basic issues: substantive contents of human values; identification of comprehensive set of values; extent to which the meaning of particular values was equivalent for different groups of people; and how the relations among different values was structured.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the universals in the content and structure of values, concentrating on the theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries, and its four basic issues: substantive contents of human values; identification of comprehensive set of values; extent to which the meaning of particular values was equivalent for different groups of people; and how the relations among different values was structured. Substantial progress has been made toward resolving each of these issues. Ten motivationally distinct value types that were likely to be recognized within and across cultures and used to form value priorities were identified. Set of value types that was relatively comprehensive, encompassing virtually all the types of values to which individuals attribute at least moderate importance as criteria of evaluation was demonstrated. The evidence from 20 countries was assembled, showing that the meaning of the value types and most of the single values that constitute them was reasonably equivalent across most groups. Two basic dimensions that organize value systems into an integrated motivational structure with consistent value conflicts and compatibilities were discovered. By identifying universal aspects of value content and structure, the chapter has laid the foundations for investigating culture-specific aspects in the future.

12,151 citations


"Sex, Power, and Money: Prediction f..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...27: 169–184 (2013) DOI: 10.1002/per (Schwartz, 1992), the 3-item Power scale was administered along with six other Schwartz Value Survey items serving as filler items....

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  • ...(Schwartz, 1992), the 3-item Power scale was administered along with six other Schwartz Value Survey items serving as filler items....

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01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: The Big Five taxonomy as discussed by the authors is a taxonomy of personality dimensions derived from analyses of the natural language terms people use to describe themselves 3 and others, and it has been used for personality assessment.
Abstract: 2 Taxonomy is always a contentious issue because the world does not come to us in neat little packages (S. Personality has been conceptualized from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of Each of these levels has made unique contributions to our understanding of individual differences in behavior and experience. However, the number of personality traits, and scales designed to measure them, escalated without an end in sight (Goldberg, 1971). Researchers, as well as practitioners in the field of personality assessment, were faced with a bewildering array of personality scales from which to choose, with little guidance and no overall rationale at hand. What made matters worse was that scales with the same name often measure concepts that are not the same, and scales with different names often measure concepts that are quite similar. Although diversity and scientific pluralism are useful, the systematic accumulation of findings and the communication among researchers became difficult amidst the Babel of concepts and scales. Many personality researchers had hoped that they might devise the structure that would transform the Babel into a community speaking a common language. However, such an integration was not to be achieved by any one researcher or by any one theoretical perspective. As Allport once put it, " each assessor has his own pet units and uses a pet battery of diagnostic devices " (1958, p. 258). What personality psychology needed was a descriptive model, or taxonomy, of its subject matter. One of the central goals of scientific taxonomies is the definition of overarching domains within which large numbers of specific instances can be understood in a simplified way. Thus, in personality psychology, a taxonomy would permit researchers to study specified domains of personality characteristics, rather than examining separately the thousands of particular attributes that make human beings individual and unique. Moreover, a generally accepted taxonomy would greatly facilitate the accumulation and communication of empirical findings by offering a standard vocabulary, or nomenclature. After decades of research, the field is approaching consensus on a general taxonomy of personality traits, the " Big Five " personality dimensions. These dimensions do not represent a particular theoretical perspective but were derived from analyses of the natural-language terms people use to describe themselves 3 and others. Rather than replacing all previous systems, the Big Five taxonomy serves an integrative function because it can represent the various and diverse systems of personality …

7,787 citations


"Sex, Power, and Money: Prediction f..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Specifically, for Sample 1 (N=232), we included the Short Dark Triad (SD3: Paulhus & Jones, 2011) and the Big Five Inventory (BFI; John & Srivastava, 1999), and for Sample 2 (N = 200), we included the Dirty Dozen (Jonason & Webster, 2010) and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1992)....

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  • ...Consistent with previous results, the best predictor of these variables among the Big Five factors was BFI Agreeableness (rs = .19 for Sex, .35 for Power, and .20 for Money)....

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  • ...In Samples 1 and 2, we found that the six scales of the HEXACO-60 showed levels of predictive validity that sometimes exceeded those yielded by the combination of the BFI (or NEO-FFI) and the SD3 (or Dirty Dozen)....

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  • ...The Big Five/FFM factors were assessed using the 44-item BFI (John & Srivastava, 1999) for Sample 1, and the 60-item NEO-FFI (Costa & McCrae, 1992) for Sample 2....

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  • ...The Big Five/FFM as measured by the BFI and NEO-FFI showed rather limited ability to predict these variables, and the Dark Triad composite satisfactorily compensated for the predictive deficit of the Big Five....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The generality of this 5-factor model is here demonstrated across unusually comprehensive sets of trait terms, which suggest their potential utility as Big-Five markers in future studies.
Abstract: In the 45 years since Cattell used English trait terms to begin the formulation of his "description of personality," a number of investigators have proposed an alternative structure based on 5 orthogonal factors. The generality of this 5-factor model is here demonstrated across unusually comprehensive sets of trait terms. In the first of 3 studies, 1,431 trait adjectives grouped into 75 clusters were analyzed; virtually identical structures emerged in 10 replications, each based on a different factor-analytic procedure. A 2nd study of 479 common terms grouped into 133 synonym clusters revealed the same structure in 2 samples of self-ratings and in 2 samples of peer ratings. None of the factors beyond the 5th generalized across the samples. In the 3rd study, analyses of 100 clusters derived from 339 trait terms suggest their potential utility as Big-Five markers in future studies.

5,621 citations


"Sex, Power, and Money: Prediction f..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Also, by using the BFI and NEO-FFI, the present research can examine both the classic Big Five model (Goldberg, 1990) and the FFM (Costa & McCrae, 1992) in terms of their ability to predict variables related to sex, power, and money....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Social dominance orientation (SDO), one's degree of preference for inequality among social groups, is introduced in this article, which is related to beliefs in a lag number of social and political ideologies that support group-based hierarchy and to support for policies that have implications for intergroup relations (e.g., war, civil rights, and social programs).
Abstract: Social dominance orientation (SDO), one's degree of preference for inequality among social groups, is introduced. On the basis of social dominance theory, it is shown that (a) men are more social dominance-oriented than women, (b) high-SDO people seek hierarchy-enhancing professional roles and low-SDO people seek hierarchy-attenuating roles, (c) SDO was related to beliefs in a lag number of social and political ideologies that support group-based hierarchy (e.g., meritocracy and racism) and to support for policies that have implications for intergroup relations (e.g., war, civil rights, and social programs), including new policies. SDO was distinguished from interpersonal dominance, conservatism, and authoritarianism

3,967 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the Dark Triad of personality traits, namely Machiavellianism, subclinical narcissism, and subclinical psychopathy, in a sample of 245 students and concluded that they are overlapping but distinct constructs.

3,353 citations


"Sex, Power, and Money: Prediction f..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...During the past decade, three personality constructs collectively known as the Dark Triad (Paulhus & Williams, 2002) have received much research attention....

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  • ...We also used self-reports and observer reports on the Big Five personality dimensions as additional predictors, given that the Dark Triad have been identified as capturing some personality variance outside this structural model (e.g. Paulhus & Williams, 2002)....

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  • ...In fact, the somewhat modest correlations among measures of the Dark Triad (e.g. ranging from .25 to .50 in Paulhus & Williams, 2002) suggest that each of these contains a substantial amount of specific variance....

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