Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present original analyses of sexual behaviour data from 59 countries for which they were available, and show substantial diversity in sexual behaviour by region and sex, indicating mainly social and economic determinants of sexual behavior.
About: This article is published in The Lancet.The article was published on 2006-11-11. It has received 846 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Sexual intercourse & Reproductive health.
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TL;DR: Although the prevalence of HPV in women with normal cytological findings is high and variable across world regions, HPV types 16, 18, 31, 52, and 58 are consistently found among the 10 most common types in all of them.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Baseline information on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and type distribution is highly desirable to evaluate the impact of prophylactic HPV vaccines in the near future. METHODS: A meta-analysis was performed of studies published between 1995 and 2009 that used polymerase chain reaction or Hybrid Capture 2 for HPV detection in women with normal cytological findings. RESULTS: The analysis included 194 studies comprising 1016719 women with normal cytological findings. The estimated global HPV prevalence was 11.7% (95% confidence interval 11.6%-11.7%). Sub-Saharan Africa (24.0%) Eastern Europe (21.4%) and Latin America (16.1%) showed the highest prevalences. Age-specific HPV distribution presented with a first peak at younger ages ( /=45 years). Among the women with type-specific HPV data ([Formula: see text]) the 5 most common types worldwide were HPV-16 (3.2%) HPV-18 (1.4%) HPV-52 (0.9%) HPV-31 (0.8%) and HPV-58 (0.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although the prevalence of HPV in women with normal cytological findings is high and variable across world regions HPV types 16 18 31 52 and 58 are consistently found among the 10 most common types in all of them. These results represent the most comprehensive assessment of HPV burden among women with normal cytological findings in the pre-HPV vaccination era worldwide.
1,257 citations
TL;DR: Across the spectrum of cervical lesions, HPV-16 is consistently the most common HPV type contributing to 50-55% of invasive cervical cancer cases strongly suggesting that this viral type has a biological advantage for transmission, persistency and transformation.
802 citations
TL;DR: Although progress has been made since the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, adolescents continue to be disproportionately burdened by threats to their sexual and reproductive health.
737 citations
TL;DR: Sexual lifestyles in Britain have changed substantially in the past 60 years, with changes in behaviour seeming greater in women than men, and the continuation of sexual activity into later life—albeit reduced in range and frequency—emphasises that attention to sexual health and wellbeing is needed throughout the life course.
649 citations
01 Dec 2016
TL;DR: HPV testing will probably replace cytology-based cervical screening owing to greater reassurance when the test is negative, however, the effective implementation of HPV vaccination and screening globally remains a challenge.
Abstract: Infections with human papillomavirus (HPV) are common and transmitted by direct contact. Although the great majority of infections resolve within 2 years, 13 phylogenetically related, sexually transmitted HPV genotypes, notably HPV16, cause - if not controlled immunologically or by screening - virtually all cervical cancers worldwide, a large fraction of other anogenital cancers and an increasing proportion of oropharyngeal cancers. The carcinogenicity of these HPV types results primarily from the activity of the oncoproteins E6 and E7, which impair growth regulatory pathways. Persistent high-risk HPVs can transition from a productive (virion-producing) to an abortive or transforming infection, after which cancer can result after typically slow accumulation of host genetic mutations. However, which precancerous lesions progress and which do not is unclear; the majority of screening-detected precancers are treated, leading to overtreatment. The discovery of HPV as a carcinogen led to the development of effective preventive vaccines and sensitive HPV DNA and RNA tests. Together, vaccination programmes (the ultimate long-term preventive strategy) and screening using HPV tests could dramatically alter the landscape of HPV-related cancers. HPV testing will probably replace cytology-based cervical screening owing to greater reassurance when the test is negative. However, the effective implementation of HPV vaccination and screening globally remains a challenge.
560 citations
References
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Book•
01 Dec 2004
TL;DR: This book provides a comprehensive assessment of the scientific evidence on prevalence and hazards, and the resulting health effects, of a range of exposures that are known to be hazardous to human health, including childhood and maternal undernutrition, nutritional and physiological risk factors for adult health, addictive substances, sexual and reproductive health, and risks in the physical environments of households and communities.
Abstract: During the last quarter of the twentieth century, a number of works have addressed both the methodological and empirical aspects of population-wide impacts of major causes of diseases. This gradual establishment of "risk assessment" or "risk quantification" has been driven partly by the academic curiosity of individual researchers and partly by the demands of regulatory agencies and public policy for better quantitative evidence on the health implications of certain risk exposures. These efforts nonetheless have generally been within the disciplinary and methodological traditions of individual risk factors and in a limited number of settings. As a result, the criteria for evaluating scientific evidence have varied greatly across risk factors resulting in lack of comparability across risk factors.
This book provides a comprehensive assessment of the scientific evidence on prevalence and hazards, and the resulting health effects, of a range of exposures that are known to be hazardous to human health, including childhood and maternal undernutrition, nutritional and physiological risk factors for adult health, addictive substances, sexual and reproductive health, and risks in the physical environments of households and communities, as well as among workers. This book is the culmination of over 3 years of scientific enquiry and data collection, collectively known as the comparative risk assessment (CRA) project, involving over 100 scientists, applying a common analytical framework and methods to ensure greater consistency and comparability in using and evaluating scientific evidence across risks.
As a result, our understanding of the comparative extent of disease burden caused by various exposures worldwide has advanced, and key areas of scientific enquiry to better inform policy needs to reduce risks have been elucidated. As public health researchers and practitioners evaluate policy alternatives for improving population health, this book not only demonstrates the enormous potential for disease prevention, but also provides a fundamental reference for the scientific evidence on some of the most important global risks to health.
2,451 citations
Book•
22 Jul 2005
TL;DR: This report of the WHO Multi-country Study on Womens Health and Domestic Violence against Women analyses data collected from over 24 000 women in 10 countries representing diverse cultural geographical and urban/rural settings.
Abstract: This report of the WHO Multi-country Study on Womens Health and Domestic Violence against Women analyses data collected from over 24 000 women in 10 countries representing diverse cultural geographical and urban/rural settings: Bangladesh Brazil Ethiopia Japan Peru Namibia Samoa Serbia and Montenegro Thailand and the United Republic of Tanzania. The Study was designed to: estimate the prevalence of physical sexual and emotional violence against women with particular emphasis on violence by intimate partners; assess the association of partner violence with a range of health outcomes; identify factors that may either protect or put women at risk of partner violence; document the strategies and services that women use to cope with violence by an intimate partner. (excerpt)
2,229 citations
TL;DR: The rate of unintended pregnancy in 2001 was substantially above average among women aged 18-24, unmarried (particularly cohabiting) women, low-income women, women who had not completed high school and minority women, but increased among poor and less educated women.
Abstract: CONTEXT: Many pregnancies are unintended, particularly in certain population groups. Determining whether unintended pregnancy rates and disparities in rates between subgroups are changing may help policymakers target reproductive health services to those women most in need.
METHODS: To calculate rates of unintended pregnancy and related outcomes, data on pregnancy intendedness from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth were combined with birth, abortion and population data from federal, state and nongovernmental sources.
RESULTS: In 2001, 49% of pregnancies in the United States were unintended. The unintended pregnancy rate was 51 per 1,000 women aged 15–44, meaning that 5% of this group had an unintended pregnancy. This level was unchanged from 1994. The rate of unintended pregnancy in 2001 was substantially above average among women aged 18–24, unmarried (particularly cohabiting) women, low-income women, women who had not completed high school and minority women. Between 1994 and 2001, the rate of unintended pregnancy declined among adolescents, college graduates and the wealthiest women, but increased among poor and less educated women. The abortion rate and the proportion of unintended pregnancies ending in abortion among all women declined, while the unintended birth rate increased. Forty-eight percent of unintended conceptions in 2001 occurred during a month when contraceptives were used, compared with 51% in 1994.
CONCLUSIONS: More research is needed to determine the factors underlying the disparities in unintended pregnancy rates by income and other characteristics. The findings may reflect a need for increased and more effective contraceptive use, particularly among high-risk groups.
1,898 citations
TL;DR: The aim is practical: to enhance public health professionals' knowledge of the key elements of social marketing and how social marketing may be used to plan public health interventions.
Abstract: Social marketing, the use of marketing to design and implement programs to promote socially beneficial behavior change, has grown in popularity and usage within the public health community. Despite this growth, many public health professionals have an incomplete understanding of the field. To advance current knowledge, we provide a practical definition and discuss the conceptual underpinnings of social marketing. We then describe several case studies to illustrate social marketing's application in public health and discuss challenges that inhibit the effective and efficient use of social marketing in public health. Finally, we reflect on future developments in the field. Our aim is practical: to enhance public health professionals' knowledge of the key elements of social marketing and how social marketing may be used to plan public health interventions.
909 citations
TL;DR: The increased reporting of risky sexual behaviours is consistent with changing cohabitation patterns and rising incidence of sexually transmitted infections.
862 citations