Sharing qualitative research findings with participants: study experiences of methodological and ethical dilemmas.

doi:10.1016/J.PEC.2010.12.016

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Sharing qualitative research findings with participants: study experiences of methodological and ethical dilemmas.

Journal Article•DOI•

Sharing qualitative research findings with participants: study experiences of methodological and ethical dilemmas.

Hadass Goldblatt¹, Orit Karnieli-Miller¹, Melanie Neumann•Institutions (1)

University of Haifa¹

01 Mar 2011-Patient Education and Counseling (Elsevier)-Vol. 82, Iss: 3, pp 389-395

TL;DR: Benefits and risks in applying member-check when studying healthcare topics are explored, questioning the way it should be performed.

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About: This article is published in Patient Education and Counseling.The article was published on 2011-03-01. It has received 199 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Credibility & Member check.

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Lincoln, Yvonna, and Egon Guba, "Postpositivism and the Naturalist Paradigm," pp. 14-46 in Yvonna Lincoln and Egon Guba, Naturalistic Inquiry . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985.*

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Yvonna S. Lincoln, Egon G. Guba

01 Jan 1985

5,697 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Shedding the cobra effect: problematising thematic emergence, triangulation, saturation and member checking.

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Lara Varpio¹, Rola Ajjawi², Lynn V Monrouxe³, Bridget C. O’Brien⁴, Charlotte E. Rees⁵ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (5)

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences¹, Deakin University², Memorial Hospital of South Bend³, University of California, San Francisco⁴, Monash University⁵

01 Jan 2017-Medical Education

TL;DR: Some HPE scholars have begun to use terms in qualitative publications without critically reflecting on: (i) their ontological and epistemological roots; (ii) their definitions, or (iii) their implications.

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Abstract: Context Qualitative research is widely accepted as a legitimate approach to inquiry in health professions education (HPE). To secure this status, qualitative researchers have developed a variety of strategies (e.g. reliance on post-positivist qualitative methodologies, use of different rhetorical techniques, etc.) to facilitate the acceptance of their research methodologies and methods by the HPE community. Although these strategies have supported the acceptance of qualitative research in HPE, they have also brought about some unintended consequences. One of these consequences is that some HPE scholars have begun to use terms in qualitative publications without critically reflecting on: (i) their ontological and epistemological roots; (ii) their definitions, or (iii) their implications. Objectives In this paper, we share our critical reflections on four qualitative terms popularly used in the HPE literature: thematic emergence; triangulation; saturation, and member checking. Methods We discuss the methodological origins of these terms and the applications supported by these origins. We reflect critically on how these four terms became expected of qualitative research in HPE, and we reconsider their meanings and use by drawing on the broader qualitative methodology literature. Conclusions Through this examination, we hope to encourage qualitative scholars in HPE to avoid using qualitative terms uncritically and non-reflexively.

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486 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Reconceptualizing the Member Check Interview

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Lori E. Koelsch¹•Institutions (1)

Duquesne University¹

01 Feb 2013-The International Journal of Qualitative Methods

TL;DR: The member check has been heralded as an important component of validation in qualitative research and has been used in order to assess the accuracy with which a researcher has represented a participant's subjectivity as discussed by the authors.

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Abstract: The member check has been heralded as an important component of validation in qualitative research. Traditionally, the member check has been used in order to assess the accuracy with which a researcher has represented a participant’s subjectivity. Some theorists, however, have argued that change, rather than representation, should be sought as a primary goal for qualitative research. The difference between using representation or change as a marker of validity has been described as a transactional/transformation divide. I argue that the member check can be utilised to span this divide in order to support a holistic view of validity. In particular, I assert that researchers should not expect participant subjectivities to remain static throughout the research process. Examples of the member check used in this manner are provided.

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401 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Feedback from research participants: are member checks useful in qualitative research?

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David R. Thomas¹•Institutions (1)

University of Auckland¹

02 Jan 2017-Qualitative Research in Psychology

TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the literature mentioning member checks was conducted to identify the purposes and purposes of member checks and their application in qualitative research, and they concluded that member checks improve the credibility of qualitative research.

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Abstract: It is often assumed that use of so-called “member checks” improves the credibility of qualitative research. Published literature mentioning member checks was reviewed to identify the purposes and p...

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329 citations

Cites background from "Sharing qualitative research findin..."

...…use of member checks without considerable thought as to why member checks were being used, what was expected from participants in terms of their involvement in research and avoiding harm to participants during member check procedures (Barbour 2001; Goldblatt et al. 2011; Hagens et al. 2009)....
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...While some regarded member checks as an ethical necessity (Kornbluh 2015), others cautioned against the routine use of member checks without considerable thought as to why member checks were being used, what was expected from participants in terms of their involvement in research and avoiding harm to participants during member check procedures (Barbour 2001; Goldblatt et al. 2011; Hagens et al. 2009)....
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...Three papers that provided information about the proportion of respondents who replied to requests for member checks all reported low response rates: 3 out of 19 respondents (Goldblatt et al. 2011), 22 out of 51 respondents (Hagens et al....
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...(Goldblatt et al. 2011, p. 390, citations omitted) Lack of detail about member checks in the methods sections of reports may be partly due to journal limitations on manuscript length for published reports....
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...Three papers that provided information about the proportion of respondents who replied to requests for member checks all reported low response rates: 3 out of 19 respondents (Goldblatt et al. 2011), 22 out of 51 respondents (Hagens et al. 2009), and 5 out of 16 (Mero-Jaffe 2011)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Interviewing Women Again: Power, Time and the Gift:

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Ann Oakley¹•Institutions (1)

Institute of Education¹

01 Feb 2016-Sociology

TL;DR: The authors argue that the complex political and social relationship between researcher and researched cannot easily fit into a paradigm of ‘feminist’ research, and that the concepts of a gift and of friendship as components in this relationship deserve more attention.

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Abstract: The starting point for this article is a contribution to qualitative research methodology published in 1981 called ‘Interviewing women: A contradiction in terms?’ This was based on the experience of interviewing women in a longitudinal study of the transition to motherhood – the Becoming a Mother (BAM) study (1974–79) – and was subsequently much cited as helping to establish a new paradigm of feminist research. This article re-appraises the arguments put forward in ‘Interviewing women’, discusses its incorporation into a narrative about feminist methodology and presents and comments on new data collected in a follow-up to the BAM study conducted 37 years later. It argues that the complex political and social relationship between researcher and researched cannot easily be fitted into a paradigm of ‘feminist’ research, and that the concepts of a gift and of friendship as components in this relationship deserve more attention.

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119 citations

Cites background from "Sharing qualitative research findin..."

...…issue of ‘negotiating’ publications with research participants has generated sporadic discussion, especially in feminist academic circles (see, for example, Gatenby and Humphries, 2000), and remains one of the unsolved methodological/ethical issues of qualitative research (Goldblatt et al., 2011)....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness

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Ulla Hällgren Graneheim¹, Berit Lundman¹•Institutions (1)

Umeå University¹

01 Feb 2004-Nurse Education Today

TL;DR: An overview of important concepts related to qualitative content analysis is provided and measures to achieve trustworthiness (credibility, dependability and transferability) throughout the steps of the research procedure are proposed.

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16,695 citations

"Sharing qualitative research findin..." refers background in this paper

...In this sense, member-check is one strategy to ensure the study’s credibility, aimed at verifying accurate representation of participants’ realities in the final study report [1,11,27]....
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Book•

Fourth Generation Evaluation

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Egon G. Guba¹, Yvonna S. Lincoln•Institutions (1)

Indiana University¹

01 Jan 1989

TL;DR: The coming of age of evaluation What is fourth generation evaluation? Why should we choose to practice it? What Is this Constructivist Paradigm Anyway? Ethics and Politics The Twin Failures of Positivist Science Constructions and Reconstructions of Realities Paradigms and Methodologies The Methodology of Fourth Generation Evaluations Judging the Quality of 4G Evaluation Putting It All Together so that It Spells E-V-A-L-U-A -T-I-O-N

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Abstract: The Coming of Age of Evaluation What Is Fourth Generation Evaluation? Why Should We Choose to Practice It? What Is this Constructivist Paradigm Anyway? Ethics and Politics The Twin Failures of Positivist Science Constructions and Reconstructions of Realities Paradigms and Methodologies The Methodology of Fourth Generation Evaluations Judging the Quality of Fourth Generation Evaluation Putting It All Together so that It Spells E-V-A-L-U-A-T-I-O-N

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8,879 citations

Additional excerpts

...The methodological soundness of qualitative research is evaluated by its rigor [2,5,23–25,16] or trustworthiness, assessed by criteria of dependability, transferability, confirmability and credibility [26]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Determining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry

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John W. Creswell¹, Dana L. Miller²•Institutions (2)

Johns Hopkins University¹, Doane College²

01 Jan 2000-Theory Into Practice

TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the importance of good qualitative data to improve Eduational practice, and propose a method to determine validity in qualitative inquiry in the context of theory into practice.

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Abstract: (2000). Determining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 39, Getting Good Qualitative Data to Improve Eduational Practice, pp. 124-130.

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8,399 citations

Lincoln, Yvonna, and Egon Guba, "Postpositivism and the Naturalist Paradigm," pp. 14-46 in Yvonna Lincoln and Egon Guba, Naturalistic Inquiry . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985.*

[...]

Yvonna S. Lincoln, Egon G. Guba

01 Jan 1985

5,697 citations

"Sharing qualitative research findin..." refers background in this paper

...Sharing qualitative research findings with participants is perceived as an important methodological, moral and ethical procedure, intended to enhance study credibility [1,2]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Verification Strategies for Establishing Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research

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Janice M. Morse¹, Michael Barrett², Maria Mayan³, Karin Olson¹, Jude Spiers¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (3)

University of Alberta¹, University of Cambridge², International Institute of Minnesota³

01 Jun 2002-The International Journal of Qualitative Methods

TL;DR: The authors argue that qualitative researchers should reclaim responsibility for reliability and validity by implementing verification strategies integral and self-correcting during the conduct of inquiry itself, which ensures the attainment of rigor using strategies inherent within each qualitative design, and moves the responsibility for incorporating and maintaining reliability and validation from external reviewers' judgements to the investigators themselves.

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Abstract: The rejection of reliability and validity in qualitative inquiry in the 1980s has resulted in an interesting shift for "ensuring rigor" from the investigator’s actions during the course of the research, to the reader or consumer of qualitative inquiry. The emphasis on strategies that are implemented during the research process has been replaced by strategies for evaluating trustworthiness and utility that are implemented once a study is completed. In this article, we argue that reliability and validity remain appropriate concepts for attaining rigor in qualitative research. We argue that qualitative researchers should reclaim responsibility for reliability and validity by implementing verification strategies integral and self-correcting during the conduct of inquiry itself. This ensures the attainment of rigor using strategies inherent within each qualitative design, and moves the responsibility for incorporating and maintaining reliability and validity from external reviewers’ judgements to the investigators themselves. Finally, we make a plea for a return to terminology for ensuring rigor that is used by mainstream science.

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4,980 citations

"Sharing qualitative research findin..." refers background or methods or result in this paper

...Study participants either confirm or deny that the summaries reflect their views, feelings and experiences, thus supporting or challenging the researcher’s understandings [4,12]....
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...However, during the past decade, methodological and ethical concerns have been raised about the usefulness and significance of its application [3,4]....
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...Due to the fear of interfering with these delicate relationships, the researcher used other methods to enhance trustworthiness [4]....
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...[4] concluded, member-check is only one method designed to establish trustworthiness in qualitative research, and is often not the best....
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...participants provide different accounts of their experiences during the interview and during member-check (the pregnant therapist), or when the researcher’s interpretations are not in keeping with participants’ perceptions when performing member-check [4,20] Occasionally, participants’ life situations change, which might alter their perspectives and experience....
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