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Journal ArticleDOI

Shifting Boundaries: An Experimental Evaluation of a Dating Violence Prevention Program in Middle Schools

TL;DR: The building-only and the combined interventions were effective in reducing sexual violence victimization involving either peers or dating partners at 6-months post-intervention, and an anomalous result did emerge but was deemed to be most likely spurious.
Abstract: We randomly assigned the Shifting Boundaries interventions to 30 public middle schools in New York City, enrolling 117 sixth and seventh grade classes (over 2,500 students) to receive a classroom, a building, a combined, or neither intervention. The classroom intervention included a six-session curriculum emphasizing the laws and consequences for perpetrators of dating violence and sexual harassment (DV/H), the social construction of gender roles, and healthy relationships. The building-based intervention included the use of building-based restraining orders, higher levels of faculty/security presence in safe/unsafe "hot spots" mapped by students, and posters to increase DV/H awareness and reporting. Student surveys were implemented at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and 6-months post-intervention. As hypothesized, behaviors improved as a result of the interventions. The building-only and the combined interventions were effective in reducing sexual violence victimization involving either peers or dating partners at 6-months post-intervention. This was mirrored by reductions in sexual violence perpetration by peers in the building-only intervention. While the preponderance of results indicates that the interventions were effective, an anomalous result (increase in sexual harassment victimization reports that was contradicted by lower frequency estimates) did emerge. However, after analysis these anomalous results were deemed to be most likely spurious. The success of the building-only intervention alone is important because it can be implemented with very few extra costs to schools.
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Journal Article
TL;DR: Results from the 2013 national YRBS indicated that many high school students are engaged in priority health-risk behaviors associated with the leading causes of death among persons aged 10-24 years in the United States.
Abstract: Problem: Priority health-risk behaviors contribute to the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among youth and adults. Population-based data on these behaviors at the national, state, and local levels can help monitor the effectiveness of public health interventions designed to protect and promote the health of youth nationwide. Reporting Period Covered: September 2012-December 2013. Description of the System: The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youth and young adults: 1) behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence; 2) tobacco use; 3) alcohol and other drug use; 4) sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; 5) unhealthy dietary behaviors; and 6) physical inactivity. In addition, YRBSS monitors the prevalence of obesity and asthma. YRBSS includes a national school-based Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) conducted by CDC and state and large urban school district school-based YRBSs conducted by state and local education and health agencies. This report summarizes results for 104 health-risk behaviors plus obesity, overweight, and asthma from the 2013 national survey, 42 state surveys, and 21 large urban school district surveys conducted among students in grades 9-12. RESULTS: Results from the 2013 national YRBS indicated that many high school students are engaged in priority health-risk behaviors associated with the leading causes of death among persons aged 10-24 years in the United States. During the 30 days before the survey, 41.4% of high school students nationwide among the 64.7% who drove a car or other vehicle during the 30 days before the survey had texted or e-mailed while driving, 34.9% had drunk alcohol, and 23.4% had used marijuana. During the 12 months before the survey, 14.8% had been electronically bullied, 19.6% had been bullied on school property, and 8.0% had attempted suicide. Many high school students nationwide are engaged in sexual risk behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancies and STIs, including HIV infection. Nearly half (46.8%) of students had ever had sexual intercourse, 34.0% had had sexual intercourse during the 3 months before the survey (i.e., currently sexually active), and 15.0% had had sexual intercourse with four or more persons during their life. Among currently sexually active students, 59.1% had used a condom during their last sexual intercourse. RESULTS from the 2013 national YRBS also indicate many high school students are engaged in behaviors associated with chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. During the 30 days before the survey, 15.7% of high school students had smoked cigarettes and 8.8% had used smokeless tobacco. During the 7 days before the survey, 5.0% of high school students had not eaten fruit or drunk 100% fruit juices and 6.6% had not eaten vegetables. More than one-third (41.3%) had played video or computer games or used a computer for something that was not school work for 3 or more hours per day on an average school day. INTERPRETATION: Many high school students engage in behaviors that place them at risk for the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of most health-risk behaviors varies by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade and across states and large urban school districts. Long term temporal changes also have occurred. Since the earliest year of data collection, the prevalence of most health-risk behaviors has decreased (e.g., physical fighting, current cigarette use, and current sexual activity), but the prevalence of other health-risk behaviors has not changed (e.g., suicide attempts treated by a doctor or nurse, having ever used marijuana, and having drunk alcohol or used drugs before last sexual intercourse) or has increased (e.g., having not gone to school because of safety concern and obesity and overweight). Public Health Action: YRBSS data are used widely to compare the prevalence of health-risk behaviors among subpopulations of students; assess trends in health-risk behaviors over time; monitor progress toward achieving 20 national health objectives for Healthy People 2020 and one of the 26 leading health indicators; provide comparable state and large urban school district data; and help develop and evaluate school and community policies, programs, and practices designed to decrease health-risk behaviors and improve health outcomes among youth. Language: en

1,216 citations


Cites background or result from "Shifting Boundaries: An Experimenta..."

  • ...This sex difference is also consistent with what is known about dating and sexual violence among LGB youths (7) and mirrors national trends in dating and sexual violence, in which females are consistently disproportionately affected by these types of victimization (19)....

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  • ...Integrating unintended pregnancy and STD/HIV prevention in school-, clinic-, and community-based health promotion likely requires explicit attention to individual prevention goals as well as preferences related to the various prevention strategies (19)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed evidence for interventions to reduce the prevalence and incidence of violence against women and girls, and found that women-centred, advocacy, and home-visitation programs can reduce a woman's risk of further victimisation, with less conclusive evidence for the preventive effect of programmes for perpetrators.

578 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The majority of sexual violence prevention strategies in the evaluation literature are brief, psycho-educational programs focused on increasing knowledge or changing attitudes, none of which have shown evidence of effectiveness on sexually violent behavior using a rigorous evaluation design.

567 citations


Cites background from "Shifting Boundaries: An Experimenta..."

  • ...…that the building-level intervention, but not the curriculum alone, was effective in reducing self-reported perpetration and victimization of sexual harassment and peer sexual violence, as well as sexual violence victimization (but not perpetration) by a dating partner (Taylor et al., 2011, 2013)....

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  • ...…recently, with interventions targeting a broader, and younger, segment of the population (e.g., Foshee et al., 2004, 2012; Miller et al., 2012b; Taylor et al., 2013) with additional evaluations underway (e.g., Cook-Craig et al., in press; Espelage, Low, Polanin, & Brown, 2013; Tharp, Burton,…...

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  • ...Findings from several large, federally-funded(7) effectiveness trials of comprehensive, multi-component primary prevention strategies have been published more recently, with interventions targeting a broader, and younger, segment of the population (e.g., Foshee et al., 2004, 2012; Miller et al., 2012b; Taylor et al., 2013) with additional evaluations underway (e....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence suggests that parenting interventions and interventions with children and adolescents subjected to maltreatment hold promise in preventing IPV or SV by addressing child maltreatment, which is a risk factor for later perpetration or experience of IPv or SV.

288 citations


Cites background from "Shifting Boundaries: An Experimenta..."

  • ...program that included school safety initiatives as well as a classroom intervention addressing dating norms found significant reductions in SV [29]....

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References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Nature of Qualitative Inquiry Theoretical Orientations Particularly Appropriate Qualitative Applications as mentioned in this paper, and Qualitative Interviewing: Qualitative Analysis and Interpretation Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis and interpretation.
Abstract: PART ONE: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES IN THE USE OF QUALITATIVE METHODS The Nature of Qualitative Inquiry Strategic Themes in Qualitative Methods Variety in Qualitative Inquiry Theoretical Orientations Particularly Appropriate Qualitative Applications PART TWO: QUALITATIVE DESIGNS AND DATA COLLECTION Designing Qualitative Studies Fieldwork Strategies and Observation Methods Qualitative Interviewing PART THREE: ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, AND REPORTING Qualitative Analysis and Interpretation Enhancing the Quality and Credibility of Qualitative Analysis

31,305 citations


"Shifting Boundaries: An Experimenta..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…allow researchers to explore these mechanisms rigorously through highly systematic qualitative methods for inquiry and analysis (Creswell 1998; Patton 1990) and allow the researcher to enter the field of perception of the program participants to elucidate what essential program experiences…...

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  • ...Further, phenomenological interviews with students would allow researchers to explore these mechanisms rigorously through highly systematic qualitative methods for inquiry and analysis (Creswell 1998; Patton 1990) and allow the researcher to enter the field of perception of the program participants to elucidate what essential program experiences the students felt caused them to change or not change....

    [...]

Book
17 Mar 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, the author explains "theory and reasoned action" model and then applies the model to various cases in attitude courses, such as self-defense and self-care.
Abstract: Core text in attitude courses. Explains "theory and reasoned action" model and then applies the model to various cases.

26,683 citations


"Shifting Boundaries: An Experimenta..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Based on TRA, attitudes toward and perceived norms about the desired behavior facilitate the intention to change, modify, or adopt a particular behavior....

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  • ...The TRA model served a valuable function of orienting the developer of Shifting Boundaries to consider the environmental context that surrounds and influences intentions and behavior....

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  • ...Description of ‘Shifting Boundaries’ Interventions The design of our interventions was informed by the theory of reasoned action (TRA) (Ajzen and Fishbein 1980; Fishbein 1967)....

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  • ...The design of our interventions was informed by the theory of reasoned action (TRA) (Ajzen and Fishbein 1980; Fishbein 1967)....

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  • ...Further work is necessary to examine how the interventions work, and if the components of the TRA are critical mechanisms....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a parameter covariance matrix estimator which is consistent even when the disturbances of a linear regression model are heteroskedastic is presented, which does not depend on a formal model of the structure of the heteroSkewedness.
Abstract: This paper presents a parameter covariance matrix estimator which is consistent even when the disturbances of a linear regression model are heteroskedastic. This estimator does not depend on a formal model of the structure of the heteroskedasticity. By comparing the elements of the new estimator to those of the usual covariance estimator, one obtains a direct test for heteroskedasticity, since in the absence of heteroskedasticity, the two estimators will be approximately equal, but will generally diverge otherwise. The test has an appealing least squares interpretation.

25,689 citations

Book
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: Creswell as mentioned in this paper explores the philosophical underpinnings, history and key elements of five qualitative inquiry traditions: biography, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography and case study.
Abstract: This book explores the philosophical underpinnings, history and key elements of five qualitative inquiry traditions: biography, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography and case study. John W Creswell relates research designs to each of the traditions of inquiry and compares each of the research strategies for theoretical frameworks, writing introduction to studies, collecting data, analyzing data, writing the narrative, and employing standards of quality and verifying results. Five journal articles in the appendix offer fascinating reading as well as examples of the five different qualitative designs.

23,020 citations


"Shifting Boundaries: An Experimenta..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…with students would allow researchers to explore these mechanisms rigorously through highly systematic qualitative methods for inquiry and analysis (Creswell 1998; Patton 1990) and allow the researcher to enter the field of perception of the program participants to elucidate what essential program…...

    [...]

  • ...Further, phenomenological interviews with students would allow researchers to explore these mechanisms rigorously through highly systematic qualitative methods for inquiry and analysis (Creswell 1998; Patton 1990) and allow the researcher to enter the field of perception of the program participants to elucidate what essential program experiences the students felt caused them to change or not change....

    [...]

Journal Article
TL;DR: The Nature of Qualitative Inquiry Theoretical Orientations Particularly Appropriate Qualitative Applications as mentioned in this paper, and Qualitative Interviewing: Qualitative Analysis and Interpretation Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis and interpretation.

22,714 citations