SHM of pipes using torsional waves generated by in situ magnetostrictive tapes
TL;DR: In this article, an improved magnetostrictive sensors (MsSs) were used for structural health monitoring (SHM) of hard-to-inspect pipes using polymeric magnetic tape material that is suitable for use in a variety of industries.
Abstract: Long-range, torsional guided waves generated in pipes using magnetostrictive sensors (MsSs) have great potential for applications to the structural health monitoring (SHM) of hard-to-inspect pipes. This paper reports an improved MsS technique (when compared to related techniques currently used for the NDT of pipes) that uses polymeric magnetic tape material that is suitable for use in a variety of industries as an SHM tool for pipes. Improvements include increased efficiency, reduced cost and increased long-term survivability of the sensor system. Transduction efficiency was increased by reducing the sensor eddy current losses and by using a field concentrator strip. For long-term monitoring, a low-cost magnetic oxide based MsS material (video recording tape) having the required magnetic properties was used. The MsS strips were oriented to generate non-dispersive torsional guided ultrasonic waves that propagate long distances with minimal mode conversion. Further, considering both safety and long-term survivability of the sensor, low-power ultrasonic instrumentation was developed and tested. Measurements reported here demonstrate the sensitivity of this sensor to both radial notches (saw cuts) and drilled holes. Results also show that magnetic anisotropy of the strip plays a role in generating torsional waves. It is envisioned that results obtained from the present study will significantly enhance the ability to monitor the long-term structural health of piping systems.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a state-of-the-art review of guided wave based structural health monitoring (SHM) and highlight the future directions and open areas of research in guided wave-based SHM.
Abstract: The paper provides a state of the art review of guided wave based structural health monitoring (SHM). First, the fundamental concepts of guided wave propagation and its implementation for SHM is explained. Following sections present the different modeling schemes adopted, developments in the area of transducers for generation, and sensing of wave, signal processing and imaging technique, statistical and machine learning schemes for feature extraction. Next, a section is presented on the recent advancements in nonlinear guided wave for SHM. This is followed by section on Rayleigh and SH waves. Next is a section on real-life implementation of guided wave for industrial problems. The paper, though briefly talks about the early development for completeness,. is primarily focussed on the recent progress made in the last decade. The paper ends by discussing and highlighting the future directions and open areas of research in guided wave based SHM.
664 citations
TL;DR: A variety of state-of-the-art MPT configurations and their applications will be reviewed along with the working principle of this transducer type.
200 citations
Cites background or methods from "SHM of pipes using torsional waves ..."
...shaped yokes [77], and (c) a set of the Z-shaped patches [78]....
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...In terms of inspection applications, a method that uses the Joule effect to generate torsional waves which can be applied for the inspection of rotating shafts [74] was proposed [75–77], while a pipe-inspection method that uses in situ magnetostrictive tapes and torsional waves was also suggested [78]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin film enabled 1D fiber sensor was used for multipurpose sensing in life-long (from manufacturing to failure) structural health monitoring of high-performance polymeric composites.
87 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a planar solenoid array (PSA) was proposed for focusing Lamb and shear-horizontal (SH) wave beams in a plate generated by a circular magnetostrictive patch transducer.
Abstract: In recent studies, the radiation patterns of the Lamb and shear-horizontal (SH) waves in a plate generated by a circular magnetostrictive patch transducer were investigated experimentally and theoretically. As a follow-up to this research, a method of focusing SH wave beams is suggested by using a specially-configured planar solenoid array (PSA) instead of the figure-of-eight coil used in the earlier work. An SH wave is preferred in nondestructive evaluation because the first SH mode is non-dispersive. In the suggested configuration, the actuating dynamic magnetic field is produced by the solenoid that is superimposed on a static magnetic field in the perpendicular direction. Because the PSA configuration is similar to a meander coil, it is expected to better focus wave energy along a target direction. Furthermore, PSA is also expected to generate higher-power waves than a meander coil because its configuration is similar to that of the figure-of-eight coil. This paper presents the experimental results obtained with PSA, such as the wave radiation pattern. The radiation patterns obtained from the experiments are analyzed by a theory based on a two-dimensional distributed line source model.
84 citations
TL;DR: The superior durability of the embedded GNP-FibSen sensor has been demonstrated through 10,000 cycles of coupled electromechanical tests.
Abstract: A graphite nanoplatelet (GNP) thin film enabled 1D fiber sensor (GNP-FibSen) was fabricated by a continuous roll-to-roll spray coating process, characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy and evaluated by coupled electrical–mechanical tensile testing. The neat GNP-FibSen sensor shows very high gauge sensitivity with a gauge factor of ∼17. By embedding the sensor in fiberglass prepreg laminate parts, the dual functionalities of the GNP-FibSen sensor were demonstrated. In the manufacturing process, the resistance change of the embedded sensor provides valuable local resin curing information. After the manufacturing process, the same sensor is able to map the strain/stress states and detect the failure of the host composite. The superior durability of the embedded GNP-FibSen sensor has been demonstrated through 10 000 cycles of coupled electromechanical tests.
71 citations
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28 citations
"SHM of pipes using torsional waves ..." refers methods in this paper
...An STFT analysis has been demonstrated to be very useful in identifying different wave modes [ 42 , 43], mainly for the reason that one can identify the dispersive nature of the signal much more easily than when using the fast Fourier transform (FFT)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the design of the complete transmit and receive electronics circuitry for a piezoelectric transducer in one single ASIC, which is used as one building block in a thumb size battery operated ultrasound measurement system.
Abstract: Absract This paper describes the design of the complete transmit and receive electronics circuitry for a piezoelectric transducer in one single ASIC. The chip will be one building block in a thumb size battery operated ultrasound measurement system. The main design target has been to achieve extremely low power consumption while keeping the number of external components minimal. To overcome the dynamic range limitations imposed by a battery supply an on-chip boost converter uses one external inductor to generate up to 40 V for excitation of the transducer. The transducer itself is used as a storage capacitor, whereafter it is rapidly discharged to generate an ultraso und pulse. An on-chip amplifier with intermittent operation is controlled by a state machine and used to amplify incoming echoes. The chip has been
22 citations
"SHM of pipes using torsional waves ..." refers methods in this paper
...Further, if the probe head is equipped with a micro-controller and a wireless communication unit (such as one using Bluetooth technology), applications to sensor networking become more practical [ 32 , 33]....
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...Attempts along these lines have been made using piezoelectric array transducers, especially in scanners for medical applications [ 32 , 33]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a beam focusing technique is proposed to improve the S/N ratio of the reflection from a tiny defect in a pipe inspection by using non-axisymmetric waveforms and subsequent time delayed superposition at a specific point.
Abstract: Guided waves can be used in pipe inspection over long distances. Presented in this paper is a beam focusing technique to improve the S/N ratio of the reflection from a tiny defect. Focusing is accomplished by using non-axisymmetric waveforms and subsequent time delayed superposition at a specific point in a pipe. A semi-analytical finite element method is used to present wave structure in the pipe. Focusing potential is also studied with various modes and frequencies.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
19 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a two-dimensional blind deconvolution is developed to process the guided wave echoes acquired by the multiplexed circumferential transducer array for inspection of pipe welds.
Abstract: Ultrasonic guided waves have been used extensively for long-range pipe inspections. The technique is based on detecting the guided wave echoes reflected from pipe defects located at a remote distance. The axial location of the defect from the transducer can be determined by the arrival time of the echo. However, further information about the defect, such as the circumferential size or distribution of the defect, is hard to obtain with conventional guided waves. This problem will be a critical issue for applications, such as discriminating the pipe corrosion defects from pipe welds. In this paper a circumferential guided wave array is built for sending and receiving guided waves along the pipe. All of the elements are connected to a single channel pulser/receiver through multiplexers. An algorithm based on two-dimensional (2D) blind deconvolution is developed to process the guided wave echoes acquired by the multiplexed circumferential transducer array. The output of the algorithm can be utilized for evaluating the circumferential distributions and geometry of the defects. The processing algorithm is verified via both numerical simulations and experiments in the paper. This circumferential sizing algorithm can serve as an effective postanalysis tool for most available guided wave pipe inspection systems.
16 citations
TL;DR: A direct correspondence between magnetic tape playback level, stress-induced remanence loss, and magnetostrictive properties of corresponding magnetic oxides has been observed as discussed by the authors, and the amount of playback loss was estimated by stressing a short segment of tape, by measuring magnetostriction in compacts of magnetic pigments or by an analysis of the Fe2+and Co2+content if the state of the cobalt within each particle is known.
Abstract: A direct correspondence between magnetic tape playback level, stress-induced remanence loss, and magnetostrictive properties of corresponding magnetic oxides has been observed. From these results the amount of playback loss was estimated by stressing a short segment of tape, by measuring magnetostriction in compacts of magnetic pigments or by an analysis of the Fe2+and Co2+content if the state of the cobalt within each particle is known.
8 citations
"SHM of pipes using torsional waves ..." refers background in this paper
...Other favorable properties of this material are a saturation magnetostriction (λs) of 10–30 × 10−6, a Curie temperature of 600 K, a saturation magnetization of 220–250 kA m−1 and a coercivity ranging from 40 to 100 kA m−1 [ 37 , 38]....
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