Signal detection theory and psychophysics

Book•

Signal detection theory and psychophysics

01 Jan 1966-

TL;DR: This book discusses statistical decision theory and sensory processes in signal detection theory and psychophysics and describes how these processes affect decision-making.

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Abstract: Book on statistical decision theory and sensory processes in signal detection theory and psychophysics

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Journal Article•DOI•

The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

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James A. Hanley, Barbara J. McNeil

01 Apr 1982-Radiology

TL;DR: A representation and interpretation of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve obtained by the "rating" method, or by mathematical predictions based on patient characteristics, is presented and it is shown that in such a setting the area represents the probability that a randomly chosen diseased subject is (correctly) rated or ranked with greater suspicion than a random chosen non-diseased subject.

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Abstract: A representation and interpretation of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve obtained by the "rating" method, or by mathematical predictions based on patient characteristics, is presented. It is shown that in such a setting the area represents the probability that a randomly chosen diseased subject is (correctly) rated or ranked with greater suspicion than a randomly chosen non-diseased subject. Moreover, this probability of a correct ranking is the same quantity that is estimated by the already well-studied nonparametric Wilcoxon statistic. These two relationships are exploited to (a) provide rapid closed-form expressions for the approximate magnitude of the sampling variability, i.e., standard error that one uses to accompany the area under a smoothed ROC curve, (b) guide in determining the size of the sample required to provide a sufficiently reliable estimate of this area, and (c) determine how large sample sizes should be to ensure that one can statistically detect difference...

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19,398 citations

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...6 (3) X [(4)2 + (4) X (1) + ‘/ X (1)2] 1,089 2,598 3,534 28,163 /3 107,228 142,612 /3 Q2 Total (6) 1- (flA #{149} n ) = 0....
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...True Disease Status Rating Definitely Normal (1) Probably Normal (2) Question- able (3) Probably Abnormal (4) Definitely Abnormal (5) Total Normal 33 6 6 1 1 2 nN 58 Abnormal 3 2 2 11 33 A 51 Totals 36 8 8 22 35 109...
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...Then Green and Swets' result says that if we assume for the moment that we have an infinite sample of patients and that a reader is ca- pable of reporting using the entire x continuum rather than only a finite number of category ratings, the area under the curve and the probability of a correct ranking are equal, or " True " area under ROC curve 0 From our viewpoint, the most im- portant feature of the proof, which depends on integral calculus, is that it makes no assumptions about the form of the XA and XN distrzl'utions....
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...In this system, Green and Swets (6) showed that the area under the curve corresponds to the probability of correctly identifying which of the two stimuli is “noise” and which is “signal plus noise....
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...Swets do in their proof regarding 0 and the area under the ROC curve) that the ratings are on a scale that is sufficiently continuous that it does not produce " ties, " then SE(W), or equiv- alently SE(area underneath empirical...
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Book•

Attention and Effort

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Daniel Kahneman

01 Jan 1973

9,000 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A method of comparing the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves derived from the same cases.

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James A. Hanley, Barbara J. McNeil

01 Sep 1983-Radiology

TL;DR: This paper refines the statistical comparison of the areas under two ROC curves derived from the same set of patients by taking into account the correlation between the areas that is induced by the paired nature of the data.

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Abstract: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are used to describe and compare the performance of diagnostic technology and diagnostic algorithms. This paper refines the statistical comparison of the areas under two ROC curves derived from the same set of patients by taking into account the correlation between the areas that is induced by the paired nature of the data. The correspondence between the area under an ROC curve and the Wilcoxon statistic is used and underlying Gaussian distributions (binormal) are assumed to provide a table that converts the observed correlations in paired ratings of images into a correlation between the two ROC areas. This between-area correlation can be used to reduce the standard error (uncertainty) about the observed difference in areas. This correction for pairing, analogous to that used in the paired t-test, can produce a considerable increase in the statistical sensitivity (power) of the comparison. For studies involving multiple readers, this method provides a measure...

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6,836 citations

Additional excerpts

...SE (Area1 - Area2) s/ E (Ar#{234}ai)-l-SE (Ar#{234}a2) (1)...
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Journal Article•DOI•

Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots: a fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine.

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Mark H. Zweig, Gregory Campbell

01 Apr 1993-Clinical Chemistry

TL;DR: Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots provide a pure index of accuracy by demonstrating the limits of a test's ability to discriminate between alternative states of health over the complete spectrum of operating conditions.

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Abstract: The clinical performance of a laboratory test can be described in terms of diagnostic accuracy, or the ability to correctly classify subjects into clinically relevant subgroups. Diagnostic accuracy refers to the quality of the information provided by the classification device and should be distinguished from the usefulness, or actual practical value, of the information. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots provide a pure index of accuracy by demonstrating the limits of a test's ability to discriminate between alternative states of health over the complete spectrum of operating conditions. Furthermore, ROC plots occupy a central or unifying position in the process of assessing and using diagnostic tools. Once the plot is generated, a user can readily go on to many other activities such as performing quantitative ROC analysis and comparisons of tests, using likelihood ratio to revise the probability of disease in individual subjects, selecting decision thresholds, using logistic-regression analysis, using discriminant-function analysis, or incorporating the tool into a clinical strategy by using decision analysis.

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6,339 citations

Cites methods from "Signal detection theory and psychop..."

...analyses based on such discrete data, including books by Green and Swets (4) and Swets and Pickett (8)....
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...by Green and Swets (4), Leo Lusted, a radiologist, suggested using...
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...Usefulness refers to the practical value of the information in managing patients [Swets and Pickett term this...
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...For the parametric approach, there is a graphical method that estimates the parameters of the binormal model to obtain an area estimate (2, 4)....
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...in psychophysics by Green and Swets (4), Leo Lusted, a radiologist, suggested using ROC analysis in medical decision making in 1967 and began using it in studies of medical imaging devices in 1969 (5, 6)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and Stereotypes.

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Anthony G. Greenwald¹, Mahzarin R. Banaji²•Institutions (2)

University of Washington¹, Yale University²

01 Jan 1995-Psychological Review

TL;DR: The present conclusion--that attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes have important implicit modes of operation--extends both the construct validity and predictive usefulness of these major theoretical constructs of social psychology.

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Abstract: Social behavior is ordinarily treated as being under conscious (if not always thoughtful) control. However, considerable evidence now supports the view that social behavior often operates in an implicit or unconscious fashion. The identifying feature of implicit cognition is that past experience influences judgment in a fashion not introspectively known by the actor. The present conclusion--that attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes have important implicit modes of operation--extends both the construct validity and predictive usefulness of these major theoretical constructs of social psychology. Methodologically, this review calls for increased use of indirect measures--which are imperative in studies of implicit cognition. The theorized ordinariness of implicit stereotyping is consistent with recent findings of discrimination by people who explicitly disavow prejudice. The finding that implicit cognitive effects are often reduced by focusing judges' attention on their judgment task provides a basis for evaluating applications (such as affirmative action) aimed at reducing such unintended discrimination.

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5,682 citations

Cites methods from "Signal detection theory and psychop..."

...Signal-detection analysis (Green & Swets, 1966) permitted decomposition of the hit and false-alarm data into measures of sensitivity (d ′) to the stimulus variable (name fame in this case), and threshold or criterion (β) for assigning the judgment....
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Signal detection theory and psychophysics

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Additional excerpts

Cites methods from "Signal detection theory and psychop..."

Cites methods from "Signal detection theory and psychop..."

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