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Journal ArticleDOI

Signes précoces d’autisme : d’où vient-on ? Où va-t-on ?

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the implications of the diagnosis of autism on the trajectories of the parents of a child in terms of the parent-infant interaction and the relationship between the parent and the child.
Abstract: Resume L’autisme est un syndrome clinique dont la description si caracteristique a participe a la fondation de la psychiatrie de l’enfant. Pourtant, il reste le syndrome de tous les mysteres et de toutes les controverses. L’une d’elles concerne l’âge auquel le diagnostic d’autisme peut-etre porte precocement. Nous en discuterons les implications selon plusieurs axes : les donnees de l’epidemiologie en population generale et en population a risque ; le point de vue des parents quant au reperage precoce et leur parcours de soins pour arriver en France a un diagnostic ; l’etude des interactions parent–enfant a partir de films familiaux. Nous montrerons qu’un retard de developpement et des troubles precoces de la communication et des comportements sociaux ne suffisent pas a circonscrire le risque d’autisme en termes de trajectoire precoce avant un an ; qu’un changement de paradigme semble fecond dans les recherches les plus recentes, a savoir tenir compte de la qualite de l’interaction en termes de synchronie et de reciprocite, et egalement d’engagement emotionnel. Enfin, nous soulignerons les importants progres conduits en France pour abaisser l’âge du rendu diagnostique ces 20 dernieres annees.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
03 Dec 2014-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: This paper proposes an integrative approach combining clinical observation and engineering techniques to improve the quality of synchrony analysis and proposes defining synchrony as a dynamic and reciprocal adaptation of the temporal structure of behaviors and shared affect between interactive partners.
Abstract: Background: Assessment of mother-child interactions is a core issue of early child development and psychopathology. This paper focuses on the concept of “synchrony” and examines (1) how synchrony in mother-child interaction is defined and operationalized; (2) the contribution that the concept of synchrony has brought to understanding the nature of mother-child interactions. Method: Between 1977 and 2013, we searched several databases using the following key-words: « synchrony » « interaction » and « mother-child ». We focused on studies examining parent-child interactions among children aged 2 months to 5 years. From the 63 relevant studies, we extracted study description variables (authors, year, design, number of subjects, age); assessment conditions and modalities; and main findings. Results: The most common terms referring to synchrony were mutuality, reciprocity, rhythmicity, harmonious interaction, turn-taking and shared affect; all terms were used to characterize the mother-child dyad. As a consequence, we propose defining synchrony as a dynamic and reciprocal adaptation of the temporal structure of behaviors and shared affect between interactive partners. Three main types of assessment methods for studying synchrony emerged: (1) global interaction scales with dyadic items; (2) specific synchrony scales; and (3) micro-coded time-series analyses. It appears that synchrony should be regarded as a social signal per se as it has been shown to be valid in both normal and pathological populations. Better mother-child synchrony is associated with familiarity (vs. unknown partner), a healthy mother (vs. pathological mother), typical development (vs. psychopathological development), and a more positive child outcomes. Discussion: Synchrony is a key feature of mother-infant interactions. Adopting an objective approach in studying synchrony is not a simple task given available assessment tools and due to its temporality and multimodal expression. We propose an integrative approach combining clinical observation and engineering techniques to improve the quality of synchrony analysis.

283 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
05 Nov 2015-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: The prevalence of ASD with associated ID and of severe isolated ID is more likely to be higher in areas with the highest level of deprivation, and the prevalence of isolated severe ID was likely to been higher in the most disadvantaged groups defined by all indicators.
Abstract: Background and Objectives Study of the impact of socioeconomic status on autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and severe intellectual disabilities (ID) has yielded conflicting results. Recent European studies suggested that, unlike reports from the United States, low socioeconomic status is associated with an increased risk of ASD. For intellectual disabilities, the links with socioeconomic status vary according to the severity. We wished to clarify the links between socioeconomic status and the prevalence of ASD (with or without ID) and isolated severe ID.

129 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared how children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and children with typical development (TD) behave and explore their 4D spatial world gaze exploration when interacting with a human or with a robotic agent.

122 citations


Cites background from "Signes précoces d’autisme : d’où vi..."

  • ...Despite evidence that some symptoms of ASD are present early in life (Guinchat et al., 2012; Saint-Georges et al., 2011), autism diagnosis is generally made between 3 and 5 years of age (Saint-Georges et al., 2013; Cohen, 2012)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Register-based prevalence rates of childhood autism, Asperger’s syndrome (AS) and other autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were calculated among children aged 7 years old of the 1997–2003 birth cohorts, living in four counties in France.
Abstract: Register-based prevalence rates of childhood autism (CA), Asperger’s syndrome (AS) and other autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were calculated among children aged 7 years old of the 1997–2003 birth cohorts, living in four counties in France. The proportion of children presenting comorbidities was reported. 1123 children with ASD were recorded (M/F ratio: 4.1), representing an overall prevalence rate of 36.5/10,000 children (95 % CI 34.4–38.7): 8.8/10,000 for CA (95 % CI 7.8–9.9), 1.7/10,000 for AS (95 % CI 1.3–2.3) and 25.9/10,000 for other ASD (95 % CI 24.2–27.8). ASD prevalence significantly increased (p < 0.0001) during the period under study. The proportion of children with an intellectual disability was 47.3 %, all other comorbidities were present in less than 5 % of the cases.

42 citations


Cites background from "Signes précoces d’autisme : d’où vi..."

  • ...The age of diagnosis was not available in our population, but in France the average age at diagnosis decreased significantly in recent decades (Saint-Georges et al. 2013) and may as...

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  • ...The age of diagnosis was not available in our population, but in France the average age at diagnosis decreased significantly in recent decades (Saint-Georges et al. 2013) and may as well have contributed to increased prevalence values....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the premiers result of a longitudinale processus-resultat, multicentrique, explorant des psychotherapies individuelles menees dans des conditions naturelles, pendant un an, avec des enfants autistes dans le cadre du Reseau Inserm de recherches fondees sur les pratiques psychotherapeiques.
Abstract: Resume Contexte Depuis les annees 2000, la recherche en psychotherapie evaluative s’est recentree sur les questions « Pourquoi, comment et dans quelles conditions une psychotherapie agit-elle ? ». L’atteinte de ces objectifs, dont les perspectives sont a la fois cliniques et fondamentales, necessite de donner de l’importance aux etudes intensives de cas naturalistes et aux reseaux de recherche fondes sur les pratiques. Cet article presente les premiers resultats d’une etude longitudinale processus-resultat, multicentrique, explorant des psychotherapies individuelles menees dans des conditions naturelles, pendant un an, avec des enfants autistes dans le cadre du Reseau Inserm de recherches fondees sur les pratiques psychotherapiques. Methodes La methodologie generale est celle d’etudes intensives de cas individuels repondant aux criteres de preuve de l’American Psychological Association. Les indicateurs concernent, d’une part, les symptomes, le processus de developpement et le fonctionnement psychique et, d’autre part, l’action therapeutique a partir des principales caracteristiques du patient, du therapeute et de leurs interactions au cours de la therapie. L’analyse associe et met en relation l’etude de chaque cas, celle des cas reunis et la comparaison de cas analogues. Cet article porte sur les resultats issus des 50 premiers cas regroupes (25 psychotherapies d’enfants de 3–6 ans et 25 de 7–15 ans). Resultats L’analyse montre des changements significatifs dans la reduction des troubles du comportement (taille d’effet = 2,1 ; p Conclusions Nos resultats appuient l’idee que la psychotherapie, menee dans des conditions naturelles par des praticiens experimentes et formes a la specificite de l’autisme, est associee a des changements significatifs. Nos resultats suggerent que les mecanismes qui sous-tendent les changements chez l’enfant pourraient etre le respect de ses initiatives, l’expression, et la comprehension mutuelle comme promoteurs de la communication et du langage, et de la structuration du Soi. Les limites de ces resultats preliminaires sont discutees et des objectifs pour les reduire sont presentes.

29 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The revised interview has been reorganized, shortened, modified to be appropriate for children with mental ages from about 18 months into adulthood and linked to ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria.
Abstract: Describes the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), a revision of the Autism Diagnostic Interview, a semistructured, investigator-based interview for caregivers of children and adults for whom autism or pervasive developmental disorders is a possible diagnosis. The revised interview has been reorganized, shortened, modified to be appropriate for children with mental ages from about 18 months into adulthood and linked to ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria. Psychometric data are presented for a sample of preschool children.

8,264 citations


"Signes précoces d’autisme : d’où vi..." refers background in this paper

  • ...le diagnostic différentiel avec les autres troubles sévères du développement comme la dysphasie ou la déficience intellectuelle est délicat avant 24 mois ; trop jeune, le bébé n’a pas encore l’équipement développemental lui permettant d’exprimer l’ensemble de la symptomatologie autistique ce qui a conduit les auteurs de l’Autism Diagnostic Interview à se centrer sur l’âge de cinq ans pour recueillir les signes cliniques [4]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
02 Jun 2005-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that intranasal administration of oxytocin, a neuropeptide that plays a key role in social attachment and affiliation in non-human mammals, causes a substantial increase in trust among humans, thereby greatly increasing the benefits from social interactions.
Abstract: Trust pervades human societies. Trust is indispensable in friendship, love, families and organizations, and plays a key role in economic exchange and politics. In the absence of trust among trading partners, market transactions break down. In the absence of trust in a country's institutions and leaders, political legitimacy breaks down. Much recent evidence indicates that trust contributes to economic, political and social success. Little is known, however, about the biological basis of trust among humans. Here we show that intranasal administration of oxytocin, a neuropeptide that plays a key role in social attachment and affiliation in non-human mammals, causes a substantial increase in trust among humans, thereby greatly increasing the benefits from social interactions. We also show that the effect of oxytocin on trust is not due to a general increase in the readiness to bear risks. On the contrary, oxytocin specifically affects an individual's willingness to accept social risks arising through interpersonal interactions. These results concur with animal research suggesting an essential role for oxytocin as a biological basis of prosocial approach behaviour.

3,202 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is evidence that the broadening of the concept, the expansion of diagnostic criteria, the development of services, and improved awareness of the condition have played a major role in explaining this increase, although it cannot be ruled out that other factors might have also contributed to that trend.
Abstract: This article reviews the results of 43 studies published since 1966 that provided estimates for the prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs), including autistic disorder, Asperger disorder, PDD not otherwise specified, and childhood disintegrative disorder. The prevalence of autistic disorder has increased in recent surveys and current estimates of prevalence are around 20/10,000, whereas the prevalence for PDD not otherwise specified is around 30/10,000 in recent surveys. Prevalence of Asperger disorder is much lower than that for autistic disorder and childhood disintegrative disorder is a very rare disorder with a prevalence of about 2/100,000. Combined all together, recent studies that have examined the whole spectrum of PDDs have consistently provided estimates in the 60-70/10,000 range, making PDD one of the most frequent childhood neurodevelopmental disorders. The meaning of the increase in prevalence in recent decades is reviewed. There is evidence that the broadening of the concept, the expansion of diagnostic criteria, the development of services, and improved awareness of the condition have played a major role in explaining this increase, although it cannot be ruled out that other factors might have also contributed to that trend.

1,815 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This report addresses background information, including definition, history, epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, early signs, neuropathologic aspects, and etiologic possibilities in autism spectrum disorders, and provides an algorithm to help the pediatrician develop a strategy for early identification of children with autism Spectrum disorders.
Abstract: Autism spectrum disorders are not rare; many primary care pediatricians care for several children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatricians play an important role in early recognition of autism spectrum disorders, because they usually are the first point of contact for parents. Parents are now much more aware of the early signs of autism spectrum disorders because of frequent coverage in the media; if their child demonstrates any of the published signs, they will most likely raise their concerns to their child's pediatrician. It is important that pediatricians be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of autism spectrum disorders and have a strategy for assessing them systematically. Pediatricians also must be aware of local resources that can assist in making a definitive diagnosis of, and in managing, autism spectrum disorders. The pediatrician must be familiar with developmental, educational, and community resources as well as medical subspecialty clinics. This clinical report is 1 of 2 documents that replace the original American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement and technical report published in 2001. This report addresses background information, including definition, history, epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, early signs, neuropathologic aspects, and etiologic possibilities in autism spectrum disorders. In addition, this report provides an algorithm to help the pediatrician develop a strategy for early identification of children with autism spectrum disorders. The accompanying clinical report addresses the management of children with autism spectrum disorders and follows this report on page 1162 [available at www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1162]. Both clinical reports are complemented by the toolkit titled "Autism: Caring for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Resource Toolkit for Clinicians," which contains screening and surveillance tools, practical forms, tables, and parent handouts to assist the pediatrician in the identification, evaluation, and management of autism spectrum disorders in children.

1,731 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A longitudinal study of high‐risk infants, all of whom have an older sibling diagnosed with an autistic spectrum disorder, indicates that by 12 months of age, siblings who are later diagnosed with autism may be distinguished from other siblings and low‐risk controls on the basis of several specific behavioral markers.

1,486 citations