Silicon: the evolution of its use in biomaterials.
TL;DR: This review discusses the current data obtained from original research in biochemistry and biomaterials science supporting the role of silicon in bone, comparing both the biological function of the element and analysing the evolution of silicon-containing biommaterials.
About: This article is published in Acta Biomaterialia.The article was published on 2015-01-01. It has received 150 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Bioactive glass & Biomaterial.
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TL;DR: The degradability and clearance timelines of various siliceous nanomaterials are compared and it is highlighted that researchers can select a specific nanommaterial in this large family according to the targeted applications and the required clearance kinetics.
Abstract: The biorelated degradability and clearance of siliceous nanomaterials have been questioned worldwide, since they are crucial prerequisites for the successful translation in clinics. Typically, the degradability and biocompatibility of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been an ongoing discussion in research circles. The reason for such a concern is that approved pharmaceutical products must not accumulate in the human body, to prevent severe and unpredictable side-effects. Here, the biorelated degradability and clearance of silicon and silica nanoparticles (NPs) are comprehensively summarized. The influence of the size, morphology, surface area, pore size, and surface functional groups, to name a few, on the degradability of silicon and silica NPs is described. The noncovalent organic doping of silica and the covalent incorporation of either hydrolytically stable or redox- and enzymatically cleavable silsesquioxanes is then described for organosilica, bridged silsesquioxane (BS), and periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) NPs. Inorganically doped silica particles such as calcium-, iron-, manganese-, and zirconium-doped NPs, also have radically different hydrolytic stabilities. To conclude, the degradability and clearance timelines of various siliceous nanomaterials are compared and it is highlighted that researchers can select a specific nanomaterial in this large family according to the targeted applications and the required clearance kinetics.
535 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the state of the art of bone biomaterials and their interactions with stem cells is presented and the promising seed stem cells for bone repair are summarized, and their interaction mechanisms are discussed in detail.
Abstract: Bone biomaterials play a vital role in bone repair by providing the necessary substrate for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation and by modulating cell activity and function. In past decades, extensive efforts have been devoted to developing bone biomaterials with a focus on the following issues: (1) developing ideal biomaterials with a combination of suitable biological and mechanical properties; (2) constructing a cell microenvironment with pores ranging in size from nanoscale to submicro- and microscale; and (3) inducing the oriented differentiation of stem cells for artificial-to-biological transformation. Here we present a comprehensive review of the state of the art of bone biomaterials and their interactions with stem cells. Typical bone biomaterials that have been developed, including bioactive ceramics, biodegradable polymers, and biodegradable metals, are reviewed, with an emphasis on their characteristics and applications. The necessary porous structure of bone biomaterials for the cell microenvironment is discussed, along with the corresponding fabrication methods. Additionally, the promising seed stem cells for bone repair are summarized, and their interaction mechanisms with bone biomaterials are discussed in detail. Special attention has been paid to the signaling pathways involved in the focal adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells on bone biomaterials. Finally, achievements regarding bone biomaterials are summarized, and future research directions are proposed.
464 citations
TL;DR: Trends in the biomedical applications of silica and organosilica nanovectors are delineated, such as unconventional bioimaging techniques, large cargo delivery, combination therapy, gaseous molecule delivery, antimicrobial protection, and Alzheimer's disease therapy.
Abstract: Predetermining the physico-chemical properties, biosafety, and stimuli-responsiveness of nanomaterials in biological environments is essential for safe and effective biomedical applications. At the forefront of biomedical research, mesoporous silica nanoparticles and mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles are increasingly investigated to predict their biological outcome by materials design. In this review, it is first chronicled that how the nanomaterial design of pure silica, partially hybridized organosilica, and fully hybridized organosilica (periodic mesoporous organosilicas) governs not only the physico-chemical properties but also the biosafety of the nanoparticles. The impact of the hybridization on the biocompatibility, protein corona, biodistribution, biodegradability, and clearance of the silica-based particles is described. Then, the influence of the surface engineering, the framework hybridization, as well as the morphology of the particles, on the ability to load and controllably deliver drugs under internal biological stimuli (e.g., pH, redox, enzymes) and external noninvasive stimuli (e.g., light, magnetic, ultrasound) are presented. To conclude, trends in the biomedical applications of silica and organosilica nanovectors are delineated, such as unconventional bioimaging techniques, large cargo delivery, combination therapy, gaseous molecule delivery, antimicrobial protection, and Alzheimer's disease therapy.
393 citations
TL;DR: Results show that strontium-substituted bioactive glasses significantly promote osteogenic responses of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells and inhibit the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis.
114 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that these Si transporters may have arisen initially to prevent Si toxicity in the high Si Precambrian oceans, with subsequent biologically induced reductions in Si concentrations of Phanerozoic seas leading to widespread losses of SIT, SIT-L, and Lsi2-like genes in diverse lineages.
Abstract: Biosilicification (the formation of biological structures from silica) occurs in diverse eukaryotic lineages, plays a major role in global biogeochemical cycles, and has significant biotechnological applications. Silicon (Si) uptake is crucial for biosilicification, yet the evolutionary history of the transporters involved remains poorly known. Recent evidence suggests that the SIT family of Si transporters, initially identified in diatoms, may be widely distributed, with an extended family of related transporters (SIT-Ls) present in some nonsilicified organisms. Here, we identify SITs and SIT-Ls in a range of eukaryotes, including major silicified lineages (radiolarians and chrysophytes) and also bacterial SIT-Ls. Our evidence suggests that the symmetrical 10-transmembrane-domain SIT structure has independently evolved multiple times via duplication and fusion of 5-transmembrane-domain SIT-Ls. We also identify a second gene family, similar to the active Si transporter Lsi2, that is broadly distributed amongst siliceous and nonsiliceous eukaryotes. Our analyses resolve a distinct group of Lsi2-like genes, including plant and diatom Si-responsive genes, and sequences unique to siliceous sponges and choanoflagellates. The SIT/SIT-L and Lsi2 transporter families likely contribute to biosilicification in diverse lineages, indicating an ancient role for Si transport in eukaryotes. We propose that these Si transporters may have arisen initially to prevent Si toxicity in the high Si Precambrian oceans, with subsequent biologically induced reductions in Si concentrations of Phanerozoic seas leading to widespread losses of SIT, SIT-L, and Lsi2-like genes in diverse lineages. Thus, the origin and diversification of two independent Si transporter families both drove and were driven by ancient ocean Si levels.
94 citations
Cites background from "Silicon: the evolution of its use i..."
...Biosilicification is also important due to its potential biotechnological applications, including the production of complex nanopatterned structures, drug delivery vehicles, and bioactive glass implants (Sumper and Kroger 2004; Henstock et al. 2015)....
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...Recent evidence suggests that Si may also contribute to other forms of biomineralization, such as coccolithophore calcification (Durak et al. 2016) or vertebrate bone formation (Henstock et al. 2015)....
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References
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11 Oct 1996
TL;DR: A. Ratner, Biomaterials Science: An Interdisciplinary Endeavor, Materials Science and Engineering--Properties of Materials: J.E. Schoen, and R.J.Ratner, Surface Properties of Materials, and Application of Materials in Medicine and Dentistry.
Abstract: B.D. Ratner, Biomaterials Science: An Interdisciplinary Endeavor. Materials Science and Engineering--Properties of Materials: J.E. Lemons, Introduction. F.W. Cooke, Bulk Properties of Materials. B.D. Ratner, Surface Properties of Materials. Classes of Materials Used in Medicine: A.S. Hoffman, Introduction. J.B. Brunski, Metals. S.A. Visser, R.W. Hergenrother, and S.L. Cooper, Polymers. N.A. Peppas, Hydrogels. J. Kohnand R. Langer, Bioresorbable and Bioerodible Materials. L.L. Hench, Ceramics, Glasses, and Glass Ceramics. I.V. Yannas, Natural Materials. H. Alexander, Composites. B.D. Ratner and A.S. Hoffman, Thin Films, Grafts, and Coatings. S.W. Shalaby, Fabrics. A.S. Hoffman, Biologically Functional Materials. Biology, Biochemistry, and Medicine--Some Background Concepts: B.D. Ratner, Introduction. T.A. Horbett, Proteins: Structure, Properties, and Adsorption to Surfaces. J.M. Schakenraad, Cells: Their Surfaces and Interactions with Materials. F.J. Schoen, Tissues. Host Reactions to Biomaterials and Their Evaluations: F.J. Schoen, Introduction. J.M. Anderson, Inflammation, Wound Healing, and the Foreign Body Response. R.J. Johnson, Immunology and the Complement System. K. Merritt, Systemic Toxicity and Hypersensitivity. S.R. Hanson and L.A. Harker, Blood Coagulation and Blood-Materials Interaction. F.J.Schoen, Tumorigenesis and Biomaterials. A.G. Gristina and P.T. Naylor, Implant-Associated Infection. Testing Biomaterials: B.D. Ratner, Introduction. S.J. Northup, In Vitro Assessment of Tissue Compatibility. M. Spector and P.A. Lalor, In Vivo Assessment of Tissue Compatibility. S. Hanson and B.D. Ratner, Testing of Blood-Material Interactions. B.H. Vale, J.E. Willson, and S.M. Niemi, Animal Models. Degradation of Materials in the Biological Environment: B.D. Ratner, Introduction. A.J. Coury, Chemical and Biochemical Degradation of Polymers. D.F. Williams and R.L. Williams, Degradative Effects of the Biological Environment on Metals and Ceramics. C.R. McMillin, Mechanical Breakdown in the Biological Environment. Y. Pathak, F.J. Schoen, and R.J. Levy, Pathologic Calcification of Biomaterials. Application of Materials in Medicine and Dentistry: J.E. Lemons, Introduction. D. Didisheim and J.T. Watson, Cardiovascular Applications. S.W. Kim, Nonthrombogenic Treatments and Strategies. J.E. Lemons, Dental Implants. D.C. Smith, Adhesives and Sealants. M.F. Refojo, Ophthalmologic Applications. J.L. Katz, Orthopedic Applications. J. Heller, Drug Delivery Systems. D. Goupil, Sutures. J.B. Kane, R.G. Tompkins, M.L. Yarmush, and J.F. Burke, Burn Dressings. L.S. Robblee and J.D. Sweeney, Bioelectrodes. P. Yager, Biomedical Sensors and Biosensors. Artificial Organs: F.J. Schoen, Introduction. K.D. Murray and D.B. Olsen, Implantable Pneumatic Artificial Hearts. P. Malchesky, Extracorporeal Artificial Organs. Practical Aspects of Biomaterials--Implants and Devices: F.J. Schoen, Introduction. J.B. Kowalski and R.F. Morrissey, Sterilization of Implants. L.M. Graham, D. Whittlesey, and B. Bevacqua, Cardiovascular Implantation. A.N. Cranin, M. Klein, and A. Sirakian, Dental Implantation. S.A. Obstbaum, Ophthalmic Implantation. A.E. Hoffman, Implant and Device Failure. B.D. Ratner, Correlations of Material Surface Properties with Biological Responses. J.M. Anderson, Implant Retrieval and Evaluation. New Products and Standards: J.E. Lemons, Introduction. S.A. Brown, Voluntary Consensus Standards. N.B. Mateo, Product Development and Regulation. B. Ratner, Perspectives and Possibilities in Biomaterials Science. Appendix: S. Slack, Properties of Biological Fluids. Subject Index.
4,194 citations
3,514 citations
TL;DR: The 40 year history of the development of bioactive glasses is reviewed, with emphasis on the first composition, 45S5 Bioglass®, that has been in clinical use since 1985, and the steps of discovery, characterization, in vivo and in vitro evaluation, clinical studies and product development are summarized along with the technology transfer processes.
Abstract: Historically the function of biomaterials has been to replace diseased or damaged tissues. First generation biomaterials were selected to be as bio-inert as possible and thereby minimize formation of scar tissue at the interface with host tissues. Bioactive glasses were discovered in 1969 and provided for the first time an alternative; second generation, interfacial bonding of an implant with host tissues. Tissue regeneration and repair using the gene activation properties of Bioglass® provide a third generation of biomaterials. This article reviews the 40 year history of the development of bioactive glasses, with emphasis on the first composition, 45S5 Bioglass®, that has been in clinical use since 1985. The steps of discovery, characterization, in vivo and in vitro evaluation, clinical studies and product development are summarized along with the technology transfer processes.
1,957 citations
TL;DR: The paper takes the reader from Hench's Bioglass 45S5 to new hybrid materials that have tailorable mechanical properties and degradation rates, covering the importance of control of hierarchical structure, synthesis, processing and cellular response in the quest for new regenerative synthetic bone grafts.
1,836 citations