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Journal ArticleDOI

Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials.

01 Jan 2009-Biotechnology Advances (Biotechnol Adv)-Vol. 27, Iss: 1, pp 76-83
TL;DR: Silver nanoparticles have emerged up with diverse medical applications ranging from silver based dressings, silver coated medicinal devices, such as nanogels, nanolotions, etc, due to its capability of modulating metals into their nanosize.
About: This article is published in Biotechnology Advances.The article was published on 2009-01-01. It has received 5014 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Silver nitrate & Silver nanoparticle.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The major strategies for designing surfaces that prevent fouling due to proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms are reviewed and ongoing research in this area should result in the development of even better antifouling materials in the future.
Abstract: The major strategies for designing surfaces that prevent fouling due to proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms are reviewed. Biofouling is of great concern in numerous applications ranging from biosensors to biomedical implants and devices, and from food packaging to industrial and marine equipment. The two major approaches to combat surface fouling are based on either preventing biofoulants from attaching or degrading them. One of the key strategies for imparting adhesion resistance involves the functionalization of surfaces with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or oligo(ethylene glycol). Several alternatives to PEG-based coatings have also been designed over the past decade. While protein-resistant coatings may also resist bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm formation, in order to overcome the fouling-mediated risk of bacterial infection it is highly desirable to design coatings that are bactericidal. Traditional techniques involve the design of coatings that release biocidal agents, including antibiotics, quaternary ammonium salts (QAS), and silver, into the surrounding aqueous environment. However, the emergence of antibiotic- and silver-resistant pathogenic strains has necessitated the development of alternative strategies. Therefore, other techniques based on the use of polycations, enzymes, nanomaterials, and photoactive agents are being investigated. With regard to marine antifouling coatings, restrictions on the use of biocide-releasing coatings have made the generation of nontoxic antifouling surfaces more important. While considerable progress has been made in the design of antifouling coatings, ongoing research in this area should result in the development of even better antifouling materials in the future.

2,278 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review explores the huge plant diversity to be utilized towards rapid and single step protocol preparatory method with green principles over the conventional ones and describes the antimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles.

1,904 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The chemical and toxicological principles that underlie the antimicrobial activity of metals are described and the preferences of metal atoms for specific microbial targets are discussed.
Abstract: Metals have been used as antimicrobial agents since antiquity, but throughout most of history their modes of action have remained unclear. Recent studies indicate that different metals cause discrete and distinct types of injuries to microbial cells as a result of oxidative stress, protein dysfunction or membrane damage. Here, we describe the chemical and toxicological principles that underlie the antimicrobial activity of metals and discuss the preferences of metal atoms for specific microbial targets. Interdisciplinary research is advancing not only our understanding of metal toxicity but also the design of metal-based compounds for use as antimicrobial agents and alternatives to antibiotics.

1,899 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The methods of making nanoparticles using plant extracts are reviewed, methods of particle characterization are reviewed and potential applications of the particles in medicine are discussed.

1,706 citations


Cites background from "Silver nanoparticles as a new gener..."

  • ...Silver nanoparticles are already widely used as antimicrobial agents in commercial medical and consumer products (Rai et al., 2009; Ravindra et al., 2010)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The preparation and properties of innovative chitosan-based biomaterials, with respect to their future applications, are highlighted, with a special focus on wound healing application.

1,694 citations


Cites background from "Silver nanoparticles as a new gener..."

  • ...Ag nanoparticles possess identified antimicrobial activity, notably used in silverbased wound dressings [101]....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results of older bio-kinetic studies with NSPs and newer epidemiologic and toxicologic studies with airborne ultrafine particles can be viewed as the basis for the expanding field of nanotoxicology, which can be defined as safety evaluation of engineered nanostructures and nanodevices.
Abstract: Although humans have been exposed to airborne nanosized particles (NSPs; < 100 nm) throughout their evolutionary stages, such exposure has increased dramatically over the last century due to anthropogenic sources. The rapidly developing field of nanotechnology is likely to become yet another source through inhalation, ingestion, skin uptake, and injection of engineered nanomaterials. Information about safety and potential hazards is urgently needed. Results of older bio-kinetic studies with NSPs and newer epidemiologic and toxicologic studies with airborne ultrafine particles can be viewed as the basis for the expanding field of nanotoxicology, which can be defined as safety evaluation of engineered nanostructures and nanodevices. Collectively, some emerging concepts of nanotoxicology can be identified from the results of these studies. When inhaled, specific sizes of NSPs are efficiently deposited by diffusional mechanisms in all regions of the respiratory tract. The small size facilitates uptake into cells and transcytosis across epithelial and endothelial cells into the blood and lymph circulation to reach potentially sensitive target sites such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and heart. Access to the central nervous system and ganglia via translocation along axons and dendrites of neurons has also been observed. NSPs penetrating the skin distribute via uptake into lymphatic channels. Endocytosis and biokinetics are largely dependent on NSP surface chemistry (coating) and in vivo surface modifications. The greater surface area per mass compared with larger-sized particles of the same chemistry renders NSPs more active biologically. This activity includes a potential for inflammatory and pro-oxidant, but also antioxidant, activity, which can explain early findings showing mixed results in terms of toxicity of NSPs to environmentally relevant species. Evidence of mitochondrial distribution and oxidative stress response after NSP endocytosis points to a need for basic research on their interactions with subcellular structures. Additional considerations for assessing safety of engineered NSPs include careful selections of appropriate and relevant doses/concentrations, the likelihood of increased effects in a compromised organism, and also the benefits of possible desirable effects. An interdisciplinary team approach (e.g., toxicology, materials science, medicine, molecular biology, and bioinformatics, to name a few) is mandatory for nanotoxicology research to arrive at an appropriate risk assessment.

7,092 citations


"Silver nanoparticles as a new gener..." refers background in this paper

  • ...but the possible side effects of nanoparticles have not been much studied hence, detailed study needs to carried out before the introduction of products related to nanomedicine in the market (Oberdorster et al., 2005)....

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  • ...…to nanotechnology in the fields like electronics, engineering, medicine, etc. but the possible side effects of nanoparticles have not been much studied hence, detailed study needs to carried out before the introduction of products related to nanomedicine in the market (Oberdorster et al., 2005)....

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Book
05 Oct 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of optical spectra of Elemental Metal Clusters and Chain Aggregates and discuss experimental results and experimental methods for metal clustering experiments.
Abstract: 1. Introduction.- 2. Theoretical Considerations.- 3. Experimental Methods.- 4. Experimental Results and Discussion.- A.1 Tables: Optical Spectroscopy Experiments with Metal Clusters.- A.2 Survey of Optical Spectra of Elemental Metal Clusters and Chain-Aggregates.- A.3 Mie Computer Program.- References.

6,405 citations


"Silver nanoparticles as a new gener..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The size of the nanoparticle implies that it has a large surface area to come in contact with the bacterial cells and hence, it will have a higher percentage of interaction than bigger particles (Kreibig and Vollmer, 1995; Mulvaney, 1996; Morones et al., 2005; Pal et al., 2007)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that the bactericidal properties of the nanoparticles are size dependent, since the only nanoparticles that present a direct interaction with the bacteria preferentially have a diameter of approximately 1-10 nm.
Abstract: Nanotechnology is expected to open new avenues to fight and prevent disease using atomic scale tailoring of materials. Among the most promising nanomaterials with antibacterial properties are metallic nanoparticles, which exhibit increased chemical activity due to their large surface to volume ratios and crystallographic surface structure. The study of bactericidal nanomaterials is particularly timely considering the recent increase of new resistant strains of bacteria to the most potent antibiotics. This has promoted research in the well known activity of silver ions and silver-based compounds, including silver nanoparticles. The present work studies the effect of silver nanoparticles in the range of 1-100 nm on Gram-negative bacteria using high angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Our results indicate that the bactericidal properties of the nanoparticles are size dependent, since the only nanoparticles that present a direct interaction with the bacteria preferentially have a diameter of approximately 1-10 nm.

5,609 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These nontoxic nanomaterials, which can be prepared in a simple and cost-effective manner, may be suitable for the formulation of new types of bactericidal materials.

5,309 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that Ag nanoparticles can be used as effective growth inhibitors in various microorganisms, making them applicable to diverse medical devices and antimicrobial control systems.

4,319 citations


"Silver nanoparticles as a new gener..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Kim et al. (2007) reported the use of silver nanoparticles for the control of infections occurring due to microorganisms....

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  • ...In the present scenario, nanoscale materials have emerged up as novel antimicrobial agents owing to their high surface area to volume ratio and the unique chemical and physical properties (Morones et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2007)....

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