Single-Layered Broadband Magnetoelectric Dipole Antenna for New 5G Application
TL;DR: In this paper, a new type of broadband magnetoelectric dipole antenna is investigated and implemented for millimeter-wave applications, particularly for new fifth-generation (5G) applications.
Abstract: In this letter, a new type of broadband magnetoelectric dipole antenna is investigated and implemented for millimeter-wave applications, particularly for new fifth-generation (5G) applications. The proposed antenna has broadband operating bandwidth and high front–back radiation level owing to its complementary antenna configuration. The antenna also features a single-layer structure to bring about ease of fabrication and low profile. The antenna covers an operating bandwidth of 50.4% (47.5–79.5 GHz), which thoroughly covers the new unlicensed band in the new 5G standard. The antenna yields advantages of broadband, low back-radiation level, and low fabrication cost.
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TL;DR: This review paper elaborates the state-of-the-art research on the different types of antennas with their performance enhancement techniques for 5G technology in recent years and provides a comprehensive study of different antenna designs considering various 5G antenna design aspects like compactness, efficiency, isolation, etc.
Abstract: The intensive research in the fifth generation (5G) technology is a clear indication of technological revolution to meet the ever-increasing demand and needs for high speed communication as well as Internet of Thing (IoT) based applications. The timely upgradation in 5G technology standards is released by third generation partnership project (3GPP) which enables the researchers to refine the research objectives and contribute towards the development. The 5G technology will be supported by not only smartphones but also different IoT devices to provide different services like smart building, smart city, and many more which will require a 5G antenna with low latency, low path loss, and stable radiation pattern. This paper provides a comprehensive study of different antenna designs considering various 5G antenna design aspects like compactness, efficiency, isolation, etc. This review paper elaborates the state-of-the-art research on the different types of antennas with their performance enhancement techniques for 5G technology in recent years. Also, this paper precisely covers 5G specifications and categorization of antennas followed by a comparative analysis of different antenna designs. Till now, many 5G antenna designs have been proposed by the different researchers, but an exhaustive review of different types of 5G antenna with their performance enhancement method is not yet done. So, in this paper, we have attempted to explore the different types of 5G antenna designs, their performance enhancement techniques, comparison, and future breakthroughs in a holistic way.
131 citations
Additional excerpts
...To reduce the size of an antenna, some researchers have used dipole antenna [41], [69]....
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TL;DR: A methodology based on gradient-enhanced kriging (GEK) is proposed, which enables a considerable reduction of the number of reference points required to construct the inverse surrogate (employed in surrogate model definition) by incorporating the sensitivity data into the nested kriged framework.
Abstract: Over the recent years, surrogate modeling has been playing an increasing role in the design of antenna structures. The main incentive is to mitigate the issues related to high cost of electromagnetic (EM)-based procedures. Among the various techniques, approximation surrogates are the most popular ones due to their flexibility and easy access. Notwithstanding, data-driven modeling of antenna characteristics is associated with serious practical issues, the primary one being the curse of dimensionality, particularly troublesome due to typically high nonlinearity of antenna responses. This limits applicability of conventional surrogates to simple structures described by a few parameters within narrow ranges thereof, which is grossly insufficient from the point of view of design utility. Many of these issues can be alleviated by the recently proposed constrained modeling techniques that restrict the surrogate domain to regions containing high-quality designs with respect to the relevant performance figures, which are identified using the pre-optimized reference designs at an extra computational effort. This paper proposes a methodology based on gradient-enhanced kriging (GEK). It enables a considerable reduction of the number of reference points required to construct the inverse surrogate (employed in surrogate model definition) by incorporating the sensitivity data into the nested kriging framework. Using two antenna examples, it is demonstrated to yield significant savings in terms of the surrogate model setup cost as compared to both conventional modeling methods and the original nested kriging.
25 citations
Cites background from "Single-Layered Broadband Magnetoele..."
..., 5G technology [8], medical imaging [9], internet of things (IoT) [10]) and functionality requirements (e....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a new type of hybrid antenna that combines the multiresonant modes produced by a liquid dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) and a magnetoelectric (ME) dipole is presented.
Abstract: This article presents a new type of hybrid antenna that combines the multiresonant modes produced by a liquid dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) and a magnetoelectric (ME) dipole. Such a combination could not be easily realized by using conventional solid dielectrics due to fabrication and air-gap problems. An aperture-fed ME dipole for 4.1–5.3 GHz is firstly designed using a standard structure and a relatively small dimension. Then, a hybrid antenna is built by loading the ME-dipole with an aperture-fed cylindrical liquid DRA. Without increasing the antenna size and/or modifying the ME-dipole structure significantly, the hybrid antenna has realized a much wider bandwidth from 2.45 to 5.3 GHz after loading the liquid material. Moreover, it is found that the resonances of the ME-dipole are not simply shifted to lower frequencies after using the dielectric loading, it has strategically combined the multiple resonances of the electric dipole, magnetic dipole, DRA, and feeding slot. The mode combination principle and design guideline have been presented. As an example, a prototype of the proposed hybrid antenna has achieved a 73.5% fractional bandwidth with an electrical size of $0.66\times 0.66\times 0.16\,\, \boldsymbol {\lambda }_{\mathbf {0}}^{3}$ at the center frequency (3.88 GHz), over 5 dBi (up to 7 dBi) broadside gain, total efficiency >80%, and beamwidth around 80°–120° across the frequency band. The proposed hybrid antenna has advantages in terms of wide bandwidth, smaller size, and simple structure compared with other ME-dipoles and traditional wideband antennas. The idea of this antenna design could be extended to other ME-dipole and DRA structures.
20 citations
Cites background from "Single-Layered Broadband Magnetoele..."
...Since then, many research activities have been productively conducted in this area [3]–[7]....
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TL;DR: HFSS software simulations reveal that the proposed CB-CPW wideband antenna design has a semicircle ground structure, transmission line, parasitic ground, CPW, relatively low return loss, broadband effect, and maximum gain in the range of 5 GHz to 6 GHz; the prototype also achieves two and four-beam performance.
Abstract: This paper presents a novel CB-CPW wideband antenna design. HFSS software simulations reveal that the proposed design has a semicircle ground structure, transmission line, parasitic ground, CPW, relatively low return loss, broadband effect of 3.3377 GHz (4.8337 GHz-8.1714 GHz), double beam capability at 5.2 GHz, and four-beam capability at 5.5 GHz (5.8 GHz). It is compact in size at only 40 mm × 40 mm × 1 mm. A prototype of the proposed antenna was fabricated and measured to validate the simulated design; the results show a bandwidth of 3.38 GHz (3.95 GHz-7.33 GHz), relative bandwidth of 74%, and maximum gain of 3.87 dBi in the range of 5 GHz to 6 GHz; the prototype also achieves two and four-beam performance. Its working frequency covers WLAN (5.15 GHz-5.25 GHz and 5.725 GHz-5.825 GHz), radio frequency identification RFID (5.8 GHz), and global microwave internet access WiMAX (5.25 GHz-5.85 GHz) frequency bands.
13 citations
Cites background from "Single-Layered Broadband Magnetoele..."
...Newer 5G antennas [6]–[8] are designed for multi-adaptation, multi-function, and multi-demand characteristics....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a novel technique, where the overall modeling process is carried out within a confined domain, set up based on performance specifications and spectral analysis of an auxiliary set of reference designs.
Abstract: In recent years, the employment of full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation tools has become imperative in the antenna design mainly for reliability reasons. While the CPU cost of a single simulation is rarely an issue, the computational overhead associated with EM-driven tasks that require massive EM analyses may become a serious bottleneck. A widely used approach to lessen this cost is the employment of surrogate models, especially data-driven ones: versatile and easily accessible. Yet, one of the unresolved issues remains the curse of dimensionality. Standard modeling techniques are merely capable of rendering surrogates for low-dimensional cases within narrow parameter ranges. In pursuit to overcome these limitations, a novel technique has been recently proposed, where the overall modeling process is carried out within a confined domain, set up based on performance specifications and spectral analysis of an auxiliary set of reference designs. This work offers a further development of the aforementioned method. Instead of tackling the entire antenna responses, only the selected characteristic points (relevant to the figures of interest considered in the antenna design process) are handled. This allows for achieving excellent model accuracy at a low computational cost. The proposed approach can be an attractive modeling alternative for systems with well-structured characteristics.
12 citations
References
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01 Jun 2006
TL;DR: In this article, a planar electric dipole and a shorted patch antenna were used to achieve a wideband unidirectional antenna composed of a short-patch antenna.
Abstract: A novel wideband unidirectional antenna composed of a planar electric dipole and a shorted patch antenna is presented. The antenna is excited by a Γ-shaped strip feed line. A wide impedance bandwidth of 43.8% (SWR≤1.5) from the frequency of 1.85 to 2.89 GHz is achieved. Stable radiation pattern with low cross- polarization, low backlobe radiation, nearly identical E-and H-plane patterns and an antenna gain of ~8dBi is found across the entire operating bandwidth.
486 citations
"Single-Layered Broadband Magnetoele..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In 2006, a novel complementary antenna called magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna was reported by Wong and Luk [9]....
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...Based on the ME dipole antenna structure shown in [9], the quarter-wave patch antenna is chosen as the magneto-dipole antenna, so we choose Duroid 5880 substrate as its thickness = λ/4 (h = 0....
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01 Jul 1954
TL;DR: In this article, two complementary sources are combined in the proper amplitude and phase to obtain desirable radiation characteristics for feeding a circular aperture, and it is shown that the back radiation from the feed is down 30 dB from that in the forward direction, minimizing interference effects between feed and aperture.
Abstract: When two complementary sources are combined in the proper amplitude and phase, desirable radiation characteristics for feeding a circular aperture are obtained. It is shown that when the feed is achieved there results a circular beam cross section which optimizes the efficiency of illumination of a circular aperture. The back radiation from the feed is down 30 db from that in the forward direction, minimizing interference effects between feed and aperture. It is the purpose of this thesis to show how a feed composed of complementary sources has been physically realized and to present and discuss experimental radiation and impedance data. It is well known that the radiation pattern of an electric dipole is a circle in the H plane and a figure 8 in the E plane. An open-ended coaxial line carrying the TE_{11} mode is similar to a magnetic dipole; i.e., the E plane is nearly circular while the H plane is like a figure 8. These two sources have been combined to produce a feed whose E - and H -plane patterns are of equal width. The complementary source idea has been applied to feeds of both linear and circular polarization. The linearly polarized feed is excited from rectangular waveguide and is simple to fabricate. It can be easily matched over a broadband. This feed has been used to illuminate a 20-inch parabola with the result that the secondary E and H planes are of equal width and the side lobes are 30 db down from the main radiation. The circularly polarized feed is excited from a circularly polarized TE_{11} mode in coaxial line. The radiating structure maintains circular symmetry and the axial ratio remains essentially constant over a large portion of the beam.
211 citations
"Single-Layered Broadband Magnetoele..." refers background in this paper
...In 1954, a novel concept of the complementary antenna was proposed by Clavin [8]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a low-cost single-layer wideband microstrip antenna array is presented for 60 GHz band applications. But the proposed array is excited by a novel coplanar waveguide feed network, which not only has a simple structure by abandoning the traditional air bridges (wire bonds) above the CPW T-junctions but also provides pairs of broadband differential outputs.
Abstract: A low-cost single-layer wideband microstrip antenna array is presented for 60-GHz band applications. Each microstrip radiation element is fed by a modified L-shaped probe to enhance the impedance bandwidth. The proposed microstrip antenna array is excited by a novel coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed network, which not only has a simple structure by abandoning the traditional air bridges (wire bonds) above the CPW T-junctions but also provides pairs of broadband differential outputs. Experimentally, two 4 $\,\times\,$ 4 antenna arrays with different polarizations were designed and fabricated on the double-sided single-layer printed circuit board. The linearly polarized array exhibits an impedance bandwidth ( ${\hbox{SWR}}\leq 2$ ) of 25.5% and a gain of around 15.2 dBi. The circularly polarized array, employing the same CPW feed network to excite sequentially rotated circularly polarized elements, achieves an impedance bandwidth ( ${\hbox{SWR}}\leq 2$ ) of 17.8%, a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 15.6%, and a gain of around 14.5 dBi.
177 citations
"Single-Layered Broadband Magnetoele..." refers methods in this paper
...For fixing these defects, some techniques were proposed, such as stacked patch antenna [1], L-probe feed structure [2], and U-slot patch antenna [3]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a new type of wideband substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed patch antenna and array for millimeter wave (mmW) are investigated and implemented.
Abstract: In this letter, a new type of wideband substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed patch antenna and array for millimeter wave (mmW) are investigated and implemented. The proposed antenna is composed of a rectangular patch with a backed SIW cavity. In order to enhance the bandwidth and radiation efficiency, the cavity is designed to resonate at its TE210 mode. Based on the proposed antenna, a 4 × 4 array is also designed. Both the proposed antenna and array are fabricated with standard printed circuit board (PCB) process, which possess the advantage of easy integration with planar circuits. The measured bandwidth (|S11| ≤ -10 dB) of the antenna element is larger than 15%, and that of the antenna array is about 8.7%. The measured peak gains are 6.5 dBi for the element and 17.8 dBi for the array, and the corresponding simulated radiation efficiencies are 83.9% and 74.9%, respectively. The proposed antenna and array are promising for millimeter-wave applications due to its merits of wide band, high efficiency, low cost, low profile, etc.
148 citations
"Single-Layered Broadband Magnetoele..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Besides a microstrip patch antenna, other types of antennas have been proposed for the mm-wave application, including the substrateintegrated waveguide (SIW)-fed patch antenna [4], the planar antenna [5], and the slot antenna [6]....
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...The cavity back slot antenna in [4] has a narrow bandwidth and lower gain....
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...Because one of the advantages of our work is low cost, Table II presents the comparison between our work and the other single-layer antennas in [4]–[6]....
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...The antenna in [6] can be used to design [4]–[6]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a wide slot antenna backed by a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity is presented and investigated for the enhancement of operating bandwidth at 60 GHz band, and the measured results show that the antenna array with slot WLR of 0.71 achieves the gain of 10-12 dBi and the cross-polarization levels of better than 25 dB in both E- and H-planes.
Abstract: A wide slot antenna backed by a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity is presented and investigated for the enhancement of operating bandwidth at 60-GHz band. The 10-dB return loss impedance bandwidth of the antenna increases from 3% to 11.6% with consistent radiation performance as the width to length ratio (WLR) of the rectangular slot cutting from the SIW increases from 0.12 to 0.71. Its dual-resonance operation mechanism is verified by a parametric study. Three 2 × 4 antenna arrays with different slot WLRs are designed and fabricated with a printed circuit board (PCB) process at the 60-GHz bands. The measured results show that the antenna array with slot WLR of 0.71 achieves the gain of 10-12 dBi and the cross-polarization levels of better than 25 dB in both E- and H-planes over the enhanced operating bandwidth of about 11.6%.
144 citations
"Single-Layered Broadband Magnetoele..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Besides a microstrip patch antenna, other types of antennas have been proposed for the mm-wave application, including the substrateintegrated waveguide (SIW)-fed patch antenna [4], the planar antenna [5], and the slot antenna [6]....
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...Because one of the advantages of our work is low cost, Table II presents the comparison between our work and the other single-layer antennas in [4]–[6]....
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...The antenna in [6] can be used to design [4]–[6]....
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