Single trial independent component analysis for P300 BCI system
13 Nov 2009-Vol. 2009, pp 4035-4038
TL;DR: A single trial independent component analysis (ICA) method that is working with a BCI system proposed by Farwell and Donchin can dramatically reduce the signal processing time and improve the data communicating rate.
Abstract: A Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a device that allows the user to communicate with the world without utilizing voluntary muscle activity (i.e., using only the electrical activity of the brain). It makes use of the well-studied observation that the brain reacts differently to different stimuli, as a function of the level of attention allotted to the stimulus stream and the specific processing triggered by the stimulus. In this article we present a single trial independent component analysis (ICA) method that is working with a BCI system proposed by Farwell and Donchin. It can dramatically reduce the signal processing time and improve the data communicating rate. This ICA method achieved 76.67% accuracy on single trial P300 response identification.
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TL;DR: The state-of-the-art of BCIs are reviewed, looking at the different steps that form a standard BCI: signal acquisition, preprocessing or signal enhancement, feature extraction, classification and the control interface.
Abstract: A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a hardware and software communications system that permits cerebral activity alone to control computers or external devices. The immediate goal of BCI research is to provide communications capabilities to severely disabled people who are totally paralyzed or 'locked in' by neurological neuromuscular disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brain stem stroke, or spinal cord injury. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of BCIs, looking at the different steps that form a standard BCI: signal acquisition, preprocessing or signal enhancement, feature extraction, classification and the control interface. We discuss their advantages, drawbacks, and latest advances, and we survey the numerous technologies reported in the scientific literature to design each step of a BCI. First, the review examines the neuroimaging modalities used in the signal acquisition step, each of which monitors a different functional brain activity such as electrical, magnetic or metabolic activity. Second, the review discusses different electrophysiological control signals that determine user intentions, which can be detected in brain activity. Third, the review includes some techniques used in the signal enhancement step to deal with the artifacts in the control signals and improve the performance. Fourth, the review studies some mathematic algorithms used in the feature extraction and classification steps which translate the information in the control signals into commands that operate a computer or other device. Finally, the review provides an overview of various BCI applications that control a range of devices.
1,407 citations
Cites background from "Single trial independent component ..."
...Furthermore, it is possible to remove the noise term n(t) from Equation (4), by assuming that the observed data is noiseless or that the noise is too weak for consideration [160,161]....
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TL;DR: This paper summarizes the presentations and discussions at a workshop held during the Fourth International BCI Meeting charged with reviewing and evaluating the current state, limitations and future development of P300-based brain-computer interface (P300-BCI) systems.
Abstract: This paper summarizes the presentations and discussions at a workshop held during the Fourth International BCI Meeting charged with reviewing and evaluating the current state, limitations and future development of P300-based brain-computer interface (P300-BCI) systems. We reviewed such issues as potential users, recording methods, stimulus presentation paradigms, feature extraction and classification algorithms, and applications. A summary of the discussions and the panel's recommendations for each of these aspects are presented.
194 citations
Cites methods from "Single trial independent component ..."
...These includes methods based on orthogonal linear transformation (Dien et al 2003), blind source separation (Xu et al 2004, Li et al 2009a, Li et al 2009b), wavelet transform (Quian Quiroga and Garcia 2003, Bostanov and Kotchoubey 2006) and other advanced techniques (Rivet et al 2009)....
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TL;DR: This article reviews the major techniques needed for developing BRI systems, and describes a few BRI applications, including wheelchairs, manipulators, drones, and humanoid robots with respect to synchronous and asynchronous BCI-based techniques.
Abstract: The most popular noninvasive Brain Robot Interaction (BRI) technology uses the electroencephalogram- (EEG-) based Brain Computer Interface (BCI), to serve as an additional communication channel, for robot control via brainwaves. This technology is promising for elderly or disabled patient assistance with daily life. The key issue of a BRI system is to identify human mental activities, by decoding brainwaves, acquired with an EEG device. Compared with other BCI applications, such as word speller, the development of these applications may be more challenging since control of robot systems via brainwaves must consider surrounding environment feedback in real-time, robot mechanical kinematics, and dynamics, as well as robot control architecture and behavior. This article reviews the major techniques needed for developing BRI systems. In this review article, we first briefly introduce the background and development of mind-controlled robot technologies. Second, we discuss the EEG-based brain signal models with respect to generating principles, evoking mechanisms, and experimental paradigms. Subsequently, we review in detail commonly used methods for decoding brain signals, namely, preprocessing, feature extraction, and feature classification, and summarize several typical application examples. Next, we describe a few BRI applications, including wheelchairs, manipulators, drones, and humanoid robots with respect to synchronous and asynchronous BCI-based techniques. Finally, we address some existing problems and challenges with future BRI techniques.
57 citations
Cites methods from "Single trial independent component ..."
...chose FastICA to perform ICA in a P300 speller systembecause of its fast speed and high reliability [107]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the most relevant aspects of the BCI and all the milestones that have been made over nearly 50-year history of this research domain and highlight all the technological and methodological advances that have transformed something available and understandable by a very few into something that has a potential to be a breathtaking change for so many.
Abstract: Over the last few decades, the Brain-Computer Interfaces have been gradually making their way to the epicenter of scientific interest. Many scientists from all around the world have contributed to the state of the art in this scientific domain by developing numerous tools and methods for brain signal acquisition and processing. Such a spectacular progress would not be achievable without accompanying technological development to equip the researchers with the proper devices providing what is absolutely necessary for any kind of discovery as the core of every analysis: the data reflecting the brain activity. The common effort has resulted in pushing the whole domain to the point where the communication between a human being and the external world through BCI interfaces is no longer science fiction but nowadays reality. In this work we present the most relevant aspects of the BCIs and all the milestones that have been made over nearly 50-year history of this research domain. We mention people who were pioneers in this area as well as we highlight all the technological and methodological advances that have transformed something available and understandable by a very few into something that has a potential to be a breathtaking change for so many. Aiming to fully understand how the human brain works is a very ambitious goal and it will surely take time to succeed. However, even that fraction of what has already been determined is sufficient e.g., to allow impaired people to regain control on their lives and significantly improve its quality. The more is discovered in this domain, the more benefit for all of us this can potentially bring.
56 citations
TL;DR: A novel classification algorithm is introduced, the spatially weighted FLD-PCA (SWFP), which is based on a two-step linear classification of event-related responses, using fisher linear discriminant (FLD) classifier and principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction.
Abstract: Brain computer interface applications, developed for both healthy and clinical populations, critically depend on decoding brain activity in single trials. The goal of the present study was to detect distinctive spatiotemporal brain patterns within a set of event related responses. We introduce a novel classification algorithm, the spatially weighted FLD-PCA (SWFP), which is based on a two-step linear classification of event-related responses, using fisher linear discriminant (FLD) classifier and principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction. As a benchmark algorithm, we consider the hierarchical discriminant component Analysis (HDCA), introduced by Parra, et al. 2007. We also consider a modified version of the HDCA, namely the hierarchical discriminant principal component analysis algorithm (HDPCA). We compare single-trial classification accuracies of all the three algorithms, each applied to detect target images within a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP, 10 Hz) of images from five different object categories, based on single-trial brain responses. We find a systematic superiority of our classification algorithm in the tested paradigm. Additionally, HDPCA significantly increases classification accuracies compared to the HDCA. Finally, we show that presenting several repetitions of the same image exemplars improve accuracy, and thus may be important in cases where high accuracy is crucial.
54 citations
Cites background from "Single trial independent component ..."
...observer has in mind, are reported to achieve near 76%–80% single-trial classification accuracy [27], [28]....
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TL;DR: The analyses suggest that this communication channel can be operated accurately at the rate of 0.20 bits/sec, which means that subjects can communicate 12.0 bits, or 2.3 characters, per min.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a computationally efficient technique for blind estimation of directional vectors, based on joint diagonalization of fourth-order cumulant matrices, is presented for beamforming.
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2,851 citations