sister citizen: shame, stereotypes, and black women in America
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TL;DR: The Word Embedding Association Test is extended to measure bias in sentence encoders and mixed results including suspicious patterns of sensitivity that suggest the test’s assumptions may not hold in general.
Abstract: The Word Embedding Association Test shows that GloVe and word2vec word embeddings exhibit human-like implicit biases based on gender, race, and other social constructs (Caliskan et al., 2017). Meanwhile, research on learning reusable text representations has begun to explore sentence-level texts, with some sentence encoders seeing enthusiastic adoption. Accordingly, we extend the Word Embedding Association Test to measure bias in sentence encoders. We then test several sentence encoders, including state-of-the-art methods such as ELMo and BERT, for the social biases studied in prior work and two important biases that are difficult or impossible to test at the word level. We observe mixed results including suspicious patterns of sensitivity that suggest the test's assumptions may not hold in general. We conclude by proposing directions for future work on measuring bias in sentence encoders.
277 citations
Cites background or methods from "sister citizen: shame, stereotypes,..."
...Double Binds Women face many double binds, contradictory or unsatisfiable expectations of femininity and masculinity (Stone and Lovejoy, 2004; Harris-Perry, 2011; Mitchell, 2012)....
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...…on bias in NLP, we also introduce tests of two biases that are less amenable to word-level representation: the angry black woman stereotype (Collins, 2004; Madison, 2009; Harris-Perry, 2011; hooks, 2015; Gillespie, 2016) and a double bind on women in professional settings (Heilman et al., 2004)....
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TL;DR: The authors examined the interactive effects of racial stereotypes and the agentic biases and found that when specific racial and gendered stereotypes are aligned with a specific dimension of agency, they can gain a more thorough understanding of how agentic bias may hinder women's progression to leadership positions.
Abstract: A significant amount of the research on two types of biases against women leaders—agentic deficiency (perceptions that women have minimal leadership potential) and agentic penalty (backlash for counter-stereotypical behavior)—has generally presumed that the descriptive, prescriptive, and proscriptive stereotypes on which the biases are based are comparable for women across racial groups. We propose that the degree to which agentic deficiencies and penalties occur is contingent on the dimension of agency that is under consideration and its relation to the stereotypes associated with the target's gendered and racial group. The results of our literature review and analysis suggest that when considered in the context of gender and leadership research, at least two dimensions of agency, competence and dominance, closely align with perceptions of agentic deficiency and agentic penalty, respectively. Based on our analysis and the prevalent stereotypes of Black and Asian American women that are likely most relevant to the two types of biases against women leaders, we examined the interactive effects of racial stereotypes and the agentic biases. We suggest that when specific racial and gendered stereotypes are aligned with a specific dimension of agency, we can gain a more thorough understanding of how agentic biases may hinder women's progression to leadership positions.
194 citations
Cites background from "sister citizen: shame, stereotypes,..."
...Melissa Harris-Perry (2011) identified this stereotype as ubiquitous for Black women and especially salient in their self-perceptions....
[...]
TL;DR: This article examined the experiences of three high achieving Black undergraduate and graduate women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and found that structural racism, sexism, and sexism were prevalent in their experiences.
Abstract: We examine the experiences of 3 high-achieving Black undergraduate and graduate women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Our findings reveal that structural racism, sexism...
147 citations
Cites background from "sister citizen: shame, stereotypes,..."
...Harris-Perry (2011) tackled the ideal of the “strong black woman” (p. 101) as a self-sacrificing superwoman figure, revealing the personal and political problems it creates....
[...]
...Harris-Perry (2011) described the stress, anxiety, and fear that Black women experience as they strive to organize their personal lives in ways that enable them to escape proscribed perceptions of their academic, professional, and social abilities....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose two concepts for Black feminist analysis (visibility and hypervisibility) to augment feminist leisure scholarship, and examine questions of invoicing and privilege.
Abstract: Through an interdisciplinary lens, this paper proposes two concepts for Black feminist analysis (visibility and hypervisibility) to augment feminist leisure scholarship. We examine questions of inv...
94 citations
Cites background from "sister citizen: shame, stereotypes,..."
...…context has had long-standing impacts on understanding Black women’s bodies as hypersexualized spectacles for consumption (e.g., Durham, 2012; Harris-Perry, 2011) The visibility of Black women in leisure research seems to appear in less empowering and nuanced ways from discussions centered…...
[...]
...This historical context has had long-standing impacts on understanding Black women’s bodies as hypersexualized spectacles for consumption (e.g., Durham, 2012; Harris-Perry, 2011) The visibility of Black women in leisure research seems to appear in less empowering and nuanced ways from discussions centered solely on race (that tend to favor a Black male focus) or solely on gender (that tend to favor a White female focus)....
[...]
TL;DR: This paper examined how the controlling image of the "thug" influences the concerns these mothers have for their sons and how they parent their sons in light of those concerns, and found that mothers were concerned with preventing their sons from being perceived as criminals, protecting their sons' physical safety, and ensuring they did not enact the thug image, a form of subordinate masculinity.
Abstract: Through 60 in-depth interviews with African American middle- and upper-middle-class mothers, this article examines how the controlling image of the “thug” influences the concerns these mothers have for their sons and how they parent their sons in light of those concerns. Participants were principally concerned with preventing their sons from being perceived as criminals, protecting their sons’ physical safety, and ensuring they did not enact the “thug,” a form of subordinate masculinity. Although this image is associated with strength and toughness, participants believed it made their sons vulnerable in various social contexts. They used four strategies to navigate the challenges they and their sons confronted related to the thug image. Two of these strategies—experience and environment management—were directed at managing characteristics of their sons’ regular social interactions—and two—image and emotion management—were directed at managing their sons’ appearance. By examining parenting practices, this ...
89 citations
Cites background from "sister citizen: shame, stereotypes,..."
...…temperament, and financial well-being are used to justify policies that disempower women of color (Collins 2004, 2009; Gilliam 1999; hancock 2003; harris-Perry 2011) and impact African Americans’ experiences in their Dow / RAISING AFRICAN AMERICAN BOYS 165 workplaces, school settings, and other…...
[...]
References
More filters
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The Word Embedding Association Test is extended to measure bias in sentence encoders and mixed results including suspicious patterns of sensitivity that suggest the test’s assumptions may not hold in general.
Abstract: The Word Embedding Association Test shows that GloVe and word2vec word embeddings exhibit human-like implicit biases based on gender, race, and other social constructs (Caliskan et al., 2017). Meanwhile, research on learning reusable text representations has begun to explore sentence-level texts, with some sentence encoders seeing enthusiastic adoption. Accordingly, we extend the Word Embedding Association Test to measure bias in sentence encoders. We then test several sentence encoders, including state-of-the-art methods such as ELMo and BERT, for the social biases studied in prior work and two important biases that are difficult or impossible to test at the word level. We observe mixed results including suspicious patterns of sensitivity that suggest the test's assumptions may not hold in general. We conclude by proposing directions for future work on measuring bias in sentence encoders.
277 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the interactive effects of racial stereotypes and the agentic biases and found that when specific racial and gendered stereotypes are aligned with a specific dimension of agency, they can gain a more thorough understanding of how agentic bias may hinder women's progression to leadership positions.
Abstract: A significant amount of the research on two types of biases against women leaders—agentic deficiency (perceptions that women have minimal leadership potential) and agentic penalty (backlash for counter-stereotypical behavior)—has generally presumed that the descriptive, prescriptive, and proscriptive stereotypes on which the biases are based are comparable for women across racial groups. We propose that the degree to which agentic deficiencies and penalties occur is contingent on the dimension of agency that is under consideration and its relation to the stereotypes associated with the target's gendered and racial group. The results of our literature review and analysis suggest that when considered in the context of gender and leadership research, at least two dimensions of agency, competence and dominance, closely align with perceptions of agentic deficiency and agentic penalty, respectively. Based on our analysis and the prevalent stereotypes of Black and Asian American women that are likely most relevant to the two types of biases against women leaders, we examined the interactive effects of racial stereotypes and the agentic biases. We suggest that when specific racial and gendered stereotypes are aligned with a specific dimension of agency, we can gain a more thorough understanding of how agentic biases may hinder women's progression to leadership positions.
194 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the experiences of three high achieving Black undergraduate and graduate women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and found that structural racism, sexism, and sexism were prevalent in their experiences.
Abstract: We examine the experiences of 3 high-achieving Black undergraduate and graduate women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Our findings reveal that structural racism, sexism...
147 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose two concepts for Black feminist analysis (visibility and hypervisibility) to augment feminist leisure scholarship, and examine questions of invoicing and privilege.
Abstract: Through an interdisciplinary lens, this paper proposes two concepts for Black feminist analysis (visibility and hypervisibility) to augment feminist leisure scholarship. We examine questions of inv...
94 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined how the controlling image of the "thug" influences the concerns these mothers have for their sons and how they parent their sons in light of those concerns, and found that mothers were concerned with preventing their sons from being perceived as criminals, protecting their sons' physical safety, and ensuring they did not enact the thug image, a form of subordinate masculinity.
Abstract: Through 60 in-depth interviews with African American middle- and upper-middle-class mothers, this article examines how the controlling image of the “thug” influences the concerns these mothers have for their sons and how they parent their sons in light of those concerns. Participants were principally concerned with preventing their sons from being perceived as criminals, protecting their sons’ physical safety, and ensuring they did not enact the “thug,” a form of subordinate masculinity. Although this image is associated with strength and toughness, participants believed it made their sons vulnerable in various social contexts. They used four strategies to navigate the challenges they and their sons confronted related to the thug image. Two of these strategies—experience and environment management—were directed at managing characteristics of their sons’ regular social interactions—and two—image and emotion management—were directed at managing their sons’ appearance. By examining parenting practices, this ...
89 citations