SIW-Based Quad-Beam Leaky-Wave Antenna With Polarization Diversity for Four-Quadrant Scanning Applications
TL;DR: In this article, a leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is proposed for larger radiation coverage by frequency beam scanning in the X-band, where the SIW-based power divider, the directional coupler, and the 180° power splitter are used in the design.
Abstract: A novel polarization diverse substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)-based leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is proposed for larger radiation coverage by frequency beam scanning in X-band. For feeding purpose, the SIW-based power divider, the directional coupler, and the 180° power splitter are used in the design. For radiation, +45°/−45° tilted slots are etched on top and bottom faces of the structure such that the radiated quad beam scans all the four quadrants. By varying the means of excitation at two input ports, multiple polarization states are realized. The antenna shows ±45° dual polarization (+45° and −45° are co-existing), horizontal and vertical polarization, and two types of circular dual-polarization (left handed and right handed simultaneously). The proposed antenna is capable of scanning in each of the four quadrants simultaneously with the scanning range of 62° having the maximum gain of 12.6 dBi and an improved cross-polarization level better than −20 dB. The quad beam covers overall scanning range of 248° with different polarization states. The S-parameters, radiation patterns, gain, and axial ratio are calculated and demonstrated. The proposed LWA shows desirable advantages, such as simultaneous four-quadrant frequency beam scanning having polarization diversity capabilities, which leads to a flexible design for practical utilization.
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TL;DR: A novel dual-beam and tri-band leaky-wave antenna (LWA) based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) structure is proposed, which has the capability of wide beam scanning range including broadside direction, which shows good agreements with the simulated results.
Abstract: In this letter, a novel dual-beam and tri-band leaky-wave antenna (LWA) based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) structure is proposed, which has the capability of wide beam scanning range including broadside direction. The antenna consists of two kinds of periodic structures which can excite two -1st spatial harmonic waves and result in two radiation beams simultaneously. Through theoretical dispersion diagram analysis of the unit cells of two periodic structures and by applying the techniques of impedance-matching and reflection-cancelling, the open-stopbands at broadside are suppressed. Then the main beam of the proposed LWA can scan from backward to forward through broadside when frequency changes. Moreover, a tri-band application can be achieved in the dual-beam antenna by optimization of the second periodic structure. The measured results validate that the proposed SIW LWA has three operating frequency bands. In band 1 from 8.6 to 9.2 GHz, there is one beam scanning from 42° to 71° in the forward, in band 2 from 10 to 12 GHz, there is one beam scanning from -40° to 4° in the backward, and in band 3 from 12.5 to 15 GHz, there is a dual-beam scanning from -55° to 54° including broadside direction, which show good agreements with the simulated results.
26 citations
Cites background from "SIW-Based Quad-Beam Leaky-Wave Ante..."
...In [18] and [19], the dual-beam radiation is realized by using two feeding ports and center-feeding structure, respectively....
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TL;DR: In this article, a leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is proposed on the basis of an ultrathin spoof surface plasmonic (SSP) waveguide, which can convert SSP waves into spatial multi-polarized radiation waves.
Abstract: A leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is proposed on the basis of an ultrathin spoof surface plasmonic (SSP) waveguide, which can convert SSP waves into spatial multi-polarized radiation waves. The SSP waveguide is composed of a metallic strip line with periodic unit cells, and each unit consists of two orthogonally beveled slots. The feature of the single-conductor SSP waveguide determines that the leaky-wave radiation pattern is omnidirectional in the azimuth direction around LWA. Due to the design of orthogonally beveled slots, different polarized radiations can be achieved along the azimuth direction. Simulation results show that left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP), right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP), and linearly polarized (LP) radiations are achieved in different azimuth directions simultaneously, which are further validated by the experimental measurement. We also demonstrate a purely single polarized radiation by placing a metal reflector close to LWA, and the polarization is reconfigurable among LHCP, RHCP, and LP by mechanically rotating LWA.
21 citations
TL;DR: An improved estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) algorithm using frequency scanning leaky wave antenna and the direction of arrival (DOA) can be effectively estimated by the algorithm.
Abstract: In this paper, an improved estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) algorithm is proposed. As to the frequency scanning leaky wave antenna (LWA), the direction of arrival (DOA) can be effectively estimated by the algorithm. Compared with ESPRIT algorithm based on array antennas or electronically controlled beam scanning LWA, the ESPRIT algorithm using frequency scanning LWA obviously simplifies the hardware implementation. Furthermore, the wideband DOA can be simultaneously estimated by this proposed algorithm. The simulation results show that the estimated DOA results are in good agreement with the predicted angles, with root mean square error (RMSE) less than 1.6% on 38% relative bandwidth (ultra wide band).
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a composite right/left-handed (CRLH) dual-beam leaky-wave microstrip antenna with a tunable operating region for $V$ -band radiation coverage was proposed.
Abstract: This article proposes a composite right-/left-handed (CRLH) dual-beam leaky-wave microstrip antenna with a tunable operating region for $V$ -band radiation coverage. Due to wideband excitation for second higher order modes, the symmetrically formed side-by-side dual beam initially scans in one quadrant from 52.5 to 65 GHz. Further, by appropriate placement of metallic via holes, a pair of back-to-back half-modes realizes generating two symmetrical side beams in E-plane with an enhanced gain over 40–52 GHz. Mode switching is performed electronically by incorporating p-i-n diodes and proper biasing network. Finally, incorporating half-sinusoidal interdigital slot variations and periodically placed switching diodes enables CRLH media having frequency beam steering from backward–broadside–forward quadrant. Leaky bands in microstrip higher order modes were analyzed by dispersion characteristics, and the proposed antenna achieved −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 29.2%, scanning range in H-plane from −65° to +69.7°, and peak gain of 18.7 dBi for the unbiased state and 28%, −78° to +69.6°, and 18 dBi, respectively, for the biased state. The average sidelobe level and minimum cross polar level are obtained as 13.5 and 23 dB, respectively. The fabricated prototype responses closely matched theoretical predictions, verifying the proposed concept.
19 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a microstrip leaky-wave antenna with dual symmetrical side beams for complete $V$ -band radiation coverage, where the frequency sweeping dual-beam scanning is obtained from 50-65 GHz due to wideband excitation of the microstrip second higher order mode.
Abstract: This article proposes a microstrip leaky-wave antenna with dual symmetrical side beams for complete $V$ -band radiation coverage. The frequency sweeping dual-beam scanning is obtained from 50–65 GHz due to wideband excitation of the microstrip second higher order mode. Appropriate metallic via hole placement realized a back-to-back half-mode pair, which can also generate two symmetrical side beams in the E-plane with enhanced gain within 40–55 GHz. Mode switching was achieved electronically by incorporating p-i-n diodes with a proper biasing network. The final antenna design was prototyped to validate the design concept. The leaky band in microstrip higher order modes was analyzed by dispersion characteristics and Bloch impedance. An operating frequency range and a scanning range in the H-plane were obtained from 50–65 GHz with 12°–80° for unbiased state and 41–53 GHz with 20.4–76° for biased state, respectively. The antenna exhibited a measured 10 dB return loss bandwidth of 26% and 27.65% and a peak gain of 19 and 18.6 dBi, for the two states, respectively, with average sidelobe level of <−15 dB and minimum cross-polarization of 25 dB. The simulated results agreed well with the experimental data, thus validating this single-layered structure for millimeter-wave wireless applications.
18 citations
Cites methods from "SIW-Based Quad-Beam Leaky-Wave Ante..."
...A subsequent research and development has produced many LWA-based approaches, including SIW LWA [15]–[17], half and eighth-mode SIW LWAs [18], [19], composite right-/lefthanded (CRLH) microstrip-based LWAs [20], [21], CRLH SIW-based LWAs [22], periodic-shorted stub-based half-width MLWA [23], edge-loaded half-width MLWA [24], [25], periodic phase reversal LWA [26], and microstrip spoof surface plasmon polariton-transmission line (SSPP-TL) based LWA [27]....
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Book•
01 Feb 1975
TL;DR: An in-depth and practical guide, Microwave Mobile Communications will provide you with a solid understanding of the microwave propagation techniques essential to the design of effective cellular systems.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
IEEE Press is pleased to bring back into print this definitive text and reference covering all aspects of microwave mobile systems design. Encompassing ten years of advanced research in the field, this invaluable resource reviews basic microwave theory, explains how cellular systems work, and presents useful techniques for effective systems development. The return of this classic volume should be welcomed by all those seeking the original authoritative and complete source of information on this emerging technology. An in-depth and practical guide, Microwave Mobile Communications will provide you with a solid understanding of the microwave propagation techniques essential to the design of effective cellular systems.
9,064 citations
11 Nov 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define Metamaterials (MTMs) and Left-Handed (LH) MTMs as a class of two-dimensional MTMs.
Abstract: Preface. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Definition of Metamaterials (MTMs) and Left-Handed (LH) MTMs. 1.2 Theoretical Speculation by Viktor Veselago. 1.3 Experimental Demonstration of Left-Handedness. 1.4 Further Numerical and Experimental Confirmations. 1.5 "Conventional" Backward Waves and Novelty of LH MTMs. 1.6 Terminology. 1.7 Transmission Line (TL) Approach. 1.8 Composite Right/Left-Handed (CRLH) MTMs. 1.9 MTMs and Photonic Band-Gap (PBG) Structures. 1.10 Historical "Germs" of MTMs. References. 2 Fundamentals of LH MTMs. 2.1 Left-Handedness from Maxwell's Equations. 2.2 Entropy Conditions in Dispersive Media. 2.3 Boundary Conditions. 2.4 Reversal of Doppler Effect. 2.5 Reversal of Vavilov- Cerenkov Radiation. 2.6 Reversal of Snell's Law: Negative Refraction. 2.7 Focusing by a "Flat LH Lens". 2.8 Fresnel Coefficients. 2.9 Reversal of Goos-H anchen Effect. 2.10 Reversal of Convergence and Divergence in Convex and Concave Lenses. 2.11 Subwavelength Diffraction. References. 3 TLTheoryofMTMs. 3.1 Ideal Homogeneous CRLH TLs. 3.1.1 Fundamental TL Characteristics. 3.1.2 Equivalent MTM Constitutive Parameters. 3.1.3 Balanced and Unbalanced Resonances. 3.1.4 Lossy Case. 3.2 LC Network Implementation. 3.2.1 Principle. 3.2.2 Difference with Conventional Filters. 3.2.3 Transmission Matrix Analysis. 3.2.4 Input Impedance. 3.2.5 Cutoff Frequencies. 3.2.6 Analytical Dispersion Relation. 3.2.7 Bloch Impedance. 3.2.8 Effect of Finite Size in the Presence of Imperfect Matching. 3.3 Real Distributed 1D CRLH Structures. 3.3.1 General Design Guidelines. 3.3.2 Microstrip Implementation. 3.3.3 Parameters Extraction. 3.4 Experimental Transmission Characteristics. 3.5 Conversion from Transmission Line to Constitutive Parameters. References. 4 Two-Dimensional MTMs. 4.1 Eigenvalue Problem. 4.1.1 General Matrix System. 4.1.2 CRLH Particularization. 4.1.3 Lattice Choice, Symmetry Points, Brillouin Zone, and 2D Dispersion Representations. 4.2 Driven Problem by the Transmission Matrix Method (TMM). 4.2.1 Principle of the TMM. 4.2.2 Scattering Parameters. 4.2.3 Voltage and Current Distributions. 4.2.4 Interest and Limitations of the TMM. 4.3 Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) Modeling Method. 4.3.1 TLM Modeling of the Unloaded TL Host Network. 4.3.2 TLM Modeling of the Loaded TL Host Network (CRLH). 4.3.3 Relationship between Material Properties and the TLM Model Parameters. 4.3.4 Suitability of the TLM Approach for MTMs. 4.4 Negative Refractive Index (NRI) Effects. 4.4.1 Negative Phase Velocity. 4.4.2 Negative Refraction. 4.4.3 Negative Focusing. 4.4.4 RH-LH Interface Surface Plasmons. 4.4.5 Reflectors with Unusual Properties. 4.5 Distributed 2D Structures. 4.5.1 Description of Possible Structures. 4.5.2 Dispersion and Propagation Characteristics. 4.5.3 Parameter Extraction. 4.5.4 Distributed Implementation of the NRI Slab. References. 5 Guided-Wave Applications. 5.1 Dual-Band Components. 5.1.1 Dual-Band Property of CRLH TLs. 5.1.2 Quarter-Wavelength TL and Stubs. 5.1.3 Passive Component Examples: Quadrature Hybrid and Wilkinson Power Divider. 5.1.3.1 Quadrature Hybrid. 5.1.3.2 Wilkinson Power Divider. 5.1.4 Nonlinear Component Example: Quadrature Subharmonically Pumped Mixer. 5.2 Enhanced-Bandwidth Components. 5.2.1 Principle of Bandwidth Enhancement. 5.2.2 Rat-Race Coupler Example. 5.3 Super-compact Multilayer "Vertical" TL. 5.3.1 "Vertical" TL Architecture. 5.3.2 TL Performances. 5.3.3 Diplexer Example. 5.4 Tight Edge-Coupled Coupled-Line Couplers (CLCs). 5.4.1 Generalities on Coupled-Line Couplers. 5.4.1.1 TEM and Quasi-TEM Symmetric Coupled-Line Structures with Small Interspacing: Impedance Coupling (IC). 5.4.1.2 Non-TEM Symmetric Coupled-Line Structures with Relatively Large Spacing: Phase Coupling (PC). 5.4.1.3 Summary on Symmetric Coupled-Line Structures. 5.4.1.4 Asymmetric Coupled-Line Structures. 5.4.1.5 Advantages of MTM Couplers. 5.4.2 Symmetric Impedance Coupler. 5.4.3 Asymmetric Phase Coupler. 5.5 Negative and Zeroth-Order Resonator. 5.5.1 Principle. 5.5.2 LC Network Implementation. 5.5.3 Zeroth-Order Resonator Characteristics. 5.5.4 Circuit Theory Verification. 5.5.5 Microstrip Realization. References. 6 Radiated-Wave Applications. 6.1 Fundamental Aspects of Leaky-Wave Structures. 6.1.1 Principle of Leakage Radiation. 6.1.2 Uniform and Periodic Leaky-Wave Structures. 6.1.2.1 Uniform LW Structures. 6.1.2.2 Periodic LW Structures. 6.1.3 Metamaterial Leaky-Wave Structures. 6.2 Backfire-to-Endfire (BE) Leaky-Wave (LW) Antenna. 6.3 Electronically Scanned BE LW Antenna. 6.3.1 Electronic Scanning Principle. 6.3.2 Electronic Beamwidth Control Principle. 6.3.3 Analysis of the Structure and Results. 6.4 Reflecto-Directive Systems. 6.4.1 Passive Retro-Directive Reflector. 6.4.2 Arbitrary-Angle Frequency Tuned Reflector. 6.4.3 Arbitrary-Angle Electronically Tuned Reflector. 6.5 Two-Dimensional Structures. 6.5.1 Two-Dimensional LW Radiation. 6.5.2 Conical-Beam Antenna. 6.5.3 Full-Space Scanning Antenna. 6.6 Zeroth Order Resonating Antenna. 6.7 Dual-Band CRLH-TL Resonating Ring Antenna. 6.8 Focusing Radiative "Meta-Interfaces". 6.8.1 Heterodyne Phased Array. 6.8.2 Nonuniform Leaky-Wave Radiator. References. 7 The Future of MTMs. 7.1 "Real-Artificial" Materials: the Challenge of Homogenization. 7.2 Quasi-Optical NRI Lenses and Devices. 7.3 Three-Dimensional Isotropic LH MTMs. 7.4 Optical MTMs. 7.5 "Magnetless" Magnetic MTMs. 7.6 Terahertz Magnetic MTMs. 7.7 Surface Plasmonic MTMs. 7.8 Antenna Radomes and Frequency Selective Surfaces. 7.9 Nonlinear MTMs. 7.10 Active MTMs. 7.11 Other Topics of Interest. References. Index.
2,750 citations
"SIW-Based Quad-Beam Leaky-Wave Ante..." refers background in this paper
...Recently, the composite right-handed (RH)/left-handed (LH) LWA [33], [34] has been proposed for full-space scanning, which covers six different polarization states [35]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a planar platform is developed in which the microstrip line and rectangular waveguide are fully integrated on the same substrate, and they are interconnected via a simple taper.
Abstract: Usually transitions from microstrip line to rectangular waveguide are made with three-dimensional complex mounting structures. In this paper, a new planar platform is developed in which the microstrip line and rectangular waveguide are fully integrated on the same substrate, and they are interconnected via a simple taper. Our experiments at 28 GHz show that an effective bandwidth of 12% at 20 dB return loss is obtained with an in-band insertion loss better than 0.3 dB. The new transition allows a complete integration of waveguide components on substrate with MICs and MMICs.
1,631 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: The Modern Antenna Handbook as mentioned in this paper provides a comprehensive treatment of classical and modern antennas and their related technologies, including metamaterials, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), frequency selective surfaces (FSS), radar cross sections (RCS), and advanced numerical and computational methods targeted primarily for the analysis and design of antennas.
Abstract: Find the most up-to-date and comprehensive treatment of classical and modern antennas and their related technologies in Modern Antenna Handbook. Have access to current theories and practices in the field of antennas, with topics like metamaterials, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), frequency selective surfaces (FSS), radar cross sections (RCS), and advanced numerical and computational methods targeted primarily for the analysis and design of antennas. Written by leading international experts, this book will help you understand recent developments in antenna-related technology and the future direction of this fast-paced field.
911 citations