Size-Dependent Bacterial Growth Inhibition and Mechanism of Antibacterial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
TL;DR: The experimental results suggest that ZnO nanoparticles could be developed as antibacterial agents against a wide range of microorganisms to control and prevent the spreading and persistence of bacterial infections.
Abstract: The antibacterial properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles were investigated using both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. These studies demonstrate that ZnO nanoparticles have a wide range of antibacterial activities toward various microorganisms that are commonly found in environmental settings. The antibacterial activity of the ZnO nanoparticles was inversely proportional to the size of the nanoparticles in S. aureus. Surprisingly, the antibacterial activity did not require specific UV activation using artificial lamps, rather activation was achieved under ambient lighting conditions. Northern analyses of various reactive oxygen species (ROS) specific genes and confocal microscopy suggest that the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles might involve both the production of reactive oxygen species and the accumulation of nanoparticles in the cytoplasm or on the outer membranes. Overall, the experimental results suggest that ZnO nanoparticles could be developed as antibacterial agents agai...
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TL;DR: This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination,ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration.
Abstract: Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. Many microorganisms exist in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties due to increased specific surface area as the reduced particle size leading to enhanced particle surface reactivity. ZnO is a bio-safe material that possesses photo-oxidizing and photocatalysis impacts on chemical and biological species. This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination, ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Particular emphasize was given to bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms with focus on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), OH− (hydroxyl radicals), and O2 −2 (peroxide). ROS has been a major factor for several mechanisms including cell wall damage due to ZnO-localized interaction, enhanced membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force and uptake of toxic dissolved zinc ions. These have led to mitochondria weakness, intracellular outflow, and release in gene expression of oxidative stress which caused eventual cell growth inhibition and cell death. In some cases, enhanced antibacterial activity can be attributed to surface defects on ZnO abrasive surface texture. One functional application of the ZnO antibacterial bioactivity was discussed in food packaging industry where ZnO-NPs are used as an antibacterial agent toward foodborne diseases. Proper incorporation of ZnO-NPs into packaging materials can cause interaction with foodborne pathogens, thereby releasing NPs onto food surface where they come in contact with bad bacteria and cause the bacterial death and/or inhibition.
2,627 citations
Cites background or methods from "Size-Dependent Bacterial Growth Inh..."
...A number of researchers [13] have examined the antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs to determine bacterial growth through the culture turbidity and the viable cells percentage by the colony counts test (Fig....
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...aureus plating for colony count [13] Nano-Micro Lett....
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...[13], whose results also revealed high antibacterial activity upon UV illumination....
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TL;DR: In this article, the antimicrobial properties of metal oxide nanomaterials like ZnO, CuO, and Fe2O3 nanoparticles were demonstrated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Abstract: Background
Nanomaterials have unique properties compared to their bulk counterparts. For this reason, nanotechnology has attracted a great deal of attention from the scientific community. Metal oxide nanomaterials like ZnO and CuO have been used industrially for several purposes, including cosmetics, paints, plastics, and textiles. A common feature that these nanoparticles exhibit is their antimicrobial behavior against pathogenic bacteria. In this report, we demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of ZnO, CuO, and Fe2O3 nanoparticles against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
969 citations
University of Marburg1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg2, Rovira i Virgili University3, University of Göttingen4, Max Planck Society5, University of California, Los Angeles6, International School for Advanced Studies7, University of Melbourne8, University of Trieste9, Ikerbasque10, University of Toronto11, Nanyang Technological University12, National Institutes of Health13, Stanford University14, Shanghai Jiao Tong University15, Tongji University16, University of Seville17, Karolinska Institutet18, Drexel University19, Sichuan University20, Rice University21, Northwestern University22, University of Basel23, Zhejiang University24, Heidelberg University25, University of Tokyo26, Harvard University27, University of Utah28, University of Michigan29, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology30, Seoul National University31, Saarland University32, Columbia University33, Chinese Academy of Sciences34, Kazan Federal University35, Emory University36, University of California, Irvine37, Autonomous University of Barcelona38, University of Massachusetts Amherst39, Pennsylvania State University40, Ghent University41, Imperial College London42, National Tsing Hua University43, South China University of Technology44, University of Ulm45, Hebrew University of Jerusalem46, Huazhong University of Science and Technology47, Peking University48
TL;DR: An overview of recent developments in nanomedicine is provided and the current challenges and upcoming opportunities for the field are highlighted and translation to the clinic is highlighted.
Abstract: The design and use of materials in the nanoscale size range for addressing medical and health-related issues continues to receive increasing interest. Research in nanomedicine spans a multitude of areas, including drug delivery, vaccine development, antibacterial, diagnosis and imaging tools, wearable devices, implants, high-throughput screening platforms, etc. using biological, nonbiological, biomimetic, or hybrid materials. Many of these developments are starting to be translated into viable clinical products. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in nanomedicine and highlight the current challenges and upcoming opportunities for the field and translation to the clinic.
926 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the application of photocatalytic degradation and the antibacterial properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials is reviewed, and the main methods that improve antibacterial activities are coating inorganic or organic antimicrobial agents, doping ZnO, and tuning the size, morphological characteristics, and concentration of ZnOs.
779 citations
TL;DR: These studies suggest relative high acute toxicity of ZnO NPs (in the low mg/l levels) to environmental species, although this toxicity is highly dependent on test species, physico-chemical properties of the material, and test methods.
766 citations
Cites background from "Size-Dependent Bacterial Growth Inh..."
..., 2009), Staphylococcus aureus (Applerot et al., 2009; Aruoja et al., 2009; Huang et al., 2008; Jones et al., 2008; Reddy et al., 2007; Wahab et al., 2010; Raghupathi et al., 2011), Campylobacter jejuni (Xie et al....
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...…monocytogenes (Jin et al., 2009), Staphylococcus aureus (Applerot et al., 2009; Aruoja et al., 2009; Huang et al., 2008; Jones et al., 2008; Reddy et al., 2007; Wahab et al., 2010; Raghupathi et al., 2011), Campylobacter jejuni (Xie et al., 2011), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Feris et al., 2010)....
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References
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TL;DR: These nontoxic nanomaterials, which can be prepared in a simple and cost-effective manner, may be suitable for the formulation of new types of bactericidal materials.
5,309 citations
TL;DR: Nathaniel L. Rosi focuses on the rational assembly of DNA-modified nanostructures into larger-scale materials and their roles in biodiagnostic screening for nucleic acids.
Abstract: In the last 10 years the field of molecular diagnostics has witnessed an explosion of interest in the use of nanomaterials in assays for gases, metal ions, and DNA and protein markers for many diseases. Intense research has been fueled by the need for practical, robust, and highly sensitive and selective detection agents that can address the deficiencies of conventional technologies. Chemists are playing an important role in designing and fabricating new materials for application in diagnostic assays. In certain cases assays based upon nanomaterials have offered significant advantages over conventional diagnostic systems with regard to assay sensitivity, selectivity, and practicality. Some of these new methods have recently been reviewed elsewhere with a focus on the materials themselves or as subclassifications in more generalized overviews of biological applications of nanomaterials.1-7 We intend to review some of the major advances and milestones in the field of detection systems based upon nanomaterials and their roles in biodiagnostic screening for nucleic acids, * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 847-4913907. Fax: 847-467-5123. E-mail: chadnano@northwestern.edu. Nathaniel L. Rosi earned his B.A. degree at Grinnell College (1999) and his Ph.D. degree from the University of Michigan (2003), where he studied the design, synthesis, and gas storage applications of metal−organic frameworks under the guidance of Professor Omar M. Yaghi. In 2003 he began postdoctoral studies as a member of Professor Mirkin’s group at Northwestern University. His current research focuses on the rational assembly of DNA-modified nanostructures into larger-scale materials.
4,308 citations
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that metal oxide nanoparticles induce a range of biological responses that vary from cytotoxic to cytoprotective and can only be properly understood by using a tiered test strategy such as that developed for oxidative stress and adapted to study other aspects of nanoparticle toxicity.
Abstract: Nanomaterials (NM) exhibit novel physicochemical properties that determine their interaction with biological substrates and processes. Three metal oxide nanoparticles that are currently being produced in high tonnage, TiO2, ZnO, and CeO2, were synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis process and compared in a mechanistic study to elucidate the physicochemical characteristics that determine cellular uptake, subcellular localization, and toxic effects based on a test paradigm that was originally developed for oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 and BEAS-2B cell lines. ZnO induced toxicity in both cells, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidant injury, excitation of inflammation, and cell death. Using ICP-MS and fluorescent-labeled ZnO, it is found that ZnO dissolution could happen in culture medium and endosomes. Nondissolved ZnO nanoparticles enter caveolae in BEAS-2B but enter lysosomes in RAW 264.7 cells in which smaller particle remnants dissolve. In contrast, fluoresce...
2,206 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, reactive magnesium oxide nanoparticles and halogen (Cl2, Br2) adducts of these MgO particles were allowed to contact certain bacteria and spore cells, which yield insight into the biocidal action of these nanoscale materials.
Abstract: Reactive magnesium oxide nanoparticles and halogen (Cl2, Br2) adducts of these MgO particles were allowed to contact certain bacteria and spore cells. Bacteriological test data, atomic force microscopy (AFM) images, and electron microscopy (TEM) images are provided, which yield insight into the biocidal action of these nanoscale materials. The tests show that these materials are very effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as spores. ζ-Potential measurements show an attractive interaction between the MgO nanoparticles and bacteria and spore cells, which is confirmed by confocal microscopy images. The AFM studies illustrate considerable changes in the cell membranes upon treatment, resulting in the death of the cells. TEM micrographs confirm these results and supply additional information about the processes inside the cells. Overall, the results presented illustrate that dry powder nanoparticulate formulations as well as water slurries are effective. It is proposed that abrasive...
1,679 citations
TL;DR: The results confirmed that E. coli cells after contact with DEG and ZnO were damaged showing a Gram-negative triple membrane disorganization, which causes the increase of membrane permeability leading to accumulation ofZnO nanoparticles in the bacterial membrane and also cellular internalization of these nanoparticles.
Abstract: We report here preliminary studies of biocidal effects and cellular internalization of ZnO nanoparticles on Escherichia coli bacteria. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized in di(ethylene glycol) (DEG) medium by forced hydrolysis of ionic Zn2+ salts. Particle size and shape were controlled by addition of small molecules and macromolecules such as tri-n-octylphosphine oxide, sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, and bovine serum albumin. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction analyses were used to characterize particle structure, size, and morphology. Bactericidal tests were performed in Luria-Bertani medium on solid agar plates and in liquid systems with different concentrations of small and macromolecules and also with ZnO nanoparticles. TEM analyses of bacteria thin sections were used to study biocidal action of ZnO materials. The results confirmed that E. coli cells after contact with DEG and ZnO were damaged showing a Gram-negative triple membrane disorganization. This behavior causes the increase of membrane permeability leading to accumulation of ZnO nanoparticles in the bacterial membrane and also cellular internalization of these nanoparticles.
1,541 citations