Sleep During Alcohol Intake and Withdrawal in the Chronic Alcoholic
01 May 1970-Archives of General Psychiatry (American Medical Association)-Vol. 22, Iss: 5, pp 406-418
TL;DR: It is reported that alcohol ingestion before bedtime by nonalcoholic young men led to a disruption of the sleep patterns and that as alcohol intake increased from 30 cc to 150 cc every four hours there was increased suppression of stage REM and that withdrawal consistently led to an increase in REM sleep.
Abstract: ALTHOUGH it is unclear whether the poor sleep of the chronic alcoholic is a cause or an effect, there is general agreement that sleep problems, including insomnia and night terrors, are frequent complaints of the alcoholic. New techniques for the scientific study of sleep now permit research on the effects of alcohol on sleep disturbances. Yules et al 1 and Knowles et al 2 reported that alcohol ingestion before bedtime by nonalcoholic young men led to a disruption of the sleep patterns. The primary effect was a reduction in the amount of rapid-eyemovement sleep (stage REM). Greenberg and Pearlman 3 also found that as alcohol intake increased from 30 cc to 150 cc every four hours there was increased suppression of stage REM and that withdrawal consistently led to an increase in REM sleep. They also found that just before the onset of delirium tremens 100% of the sleep
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12 Oct 2012
TL;DR: The chapter will discuss the genetic epidemiology of alcoholism in women, with evidence presented that suggests the existence of two forms of Alcoholism in women: one more environmentally determined and one more influenced by genetic mediation.
Abstract: The etiology of alcoholism in women is no longer a question of nature or nurture. Most observers would agree that alcoholism, both male and female, is mediated by genetic factors. The question is how much of the variance is explained by genetic factors and to what degree is this genetically mediated disorder moderated by personal characteristics of the woman. Among the most salient personal characteristics moderating the genetic vulnerability may be factors such as age, ethnicity, and presence of psychiatric comorbidity. Cultural factors and familial environmental factors are most likely predictors as well. Therefore, the chapter will discuss the genetic epidemiology of alcoholism in women. Genetic heterogeneity will be discussed and evidence presented that suggests the existence of two forms of alcoholism in women: one more environmentally determined and one more influenced by genetic mediation. Evidence for the existence of a genetic diathesis in women will be presented, noting extant literature involving twin and adoption designs. Suggestions for what might be transmitted from generation to generation (e.g., neurobiological factors, temperament) with special reference to preadolescent and adolescent girls will also be discussed.
1,047 citations
TL;DR: An analysis of data by sleep cycle was carried out for the main variables concerning sleep with EEG slow waves, sleep with rapid eye movements, and awakenings, and it was suggested that the trends in sleep pattern across the night have significant implications for the brain processes which underlie the electrophysiological manifestations of sleep.
514 citations
TL;DR: The visual hallucinations that coincide with daytime episodes of REM sleep in patients who also experience post-REM delusions at night may be dream imagery and Psychosis in patients with PD may reflect a narcolepsy-like REM sleep disorder.
Abstract: Background: Patients with PD can have disabling visual hallucinations associated with dopaminergic therapy. Sleep disorders, including vivid dreams and REM sleep with motor behaviors (RBD), are frequent in these patients. Methods: The association of hallucinations and REM sleep both at night and during the day was examined in 10 consecutive nondemented patients with long-standing levodopa-responsive PD and hallucinations. Seven patients presented with paranoia and paranoid delusions. Overnight sleep recordings and standard multiple daytime sleep latency test were performed. The results were compared to those of 10 similar patients with PD not experiencing hallucinations. Results: RBD was detected in all 10 patients with hallucinations and in six without. Although nighttime sleep conditions were similar in both groups, hallucinators tended to be sleepier during the day. Delusions following nighttime REM period and daytime REM onsets were observed in three and eight of the hallucinators, and zero and two of the others. Daytime hallucinations, coincident with REM sleep intrusions during periods of wakefulness, were reported only by hallucinators. Postmortem examination of the brain of one patient showed numerous Lewy bodies in neurons of the subcoeruleus nucleus, a region that is involved in REM sleep control. Conclusion: The visual hallucinations that coincide with daytime episodes of REM sleep in patients who also experience post-REM delusions at night may be dream imagery. Psychosis in patients with PD may therefore reflect a narcolepsy-like REM sleep disorder.
393 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is found that alcoholics are more likely to suffer from certain sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, and that sleep problems may increase the risk of relapse among abstinent alcoholics.
Abstract: Sleep problems, which can have significant clinical and economic consequences, are more common among alcoholics than among nonalcoholics. During both drinking periods and withdrawal, alcoholics commonly experience problems falling asleep and decreased total sleep time. Other measures of sleep are also disturbed. Even alcoholics who have been abstinent for short periods of time (i.e., several weeks) or extended periods of time (i.e., several years) may experience persistent sleep abnormalities. Researchers also found that alcoholics are more likely to suffer from certain sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea. Conversely, sleep problems may predispose some people to developing alcohol problems. Furthermore, sleep problems may increase the risk of relapse among abstinent alcoholics.
298 citations
Cites background from "Sleep During Alcohol Intake and Wit..."
...Because alcohol also was known to affect these compounds, investigators speculated that alcohol disrupted sleep by altering the actions of monoamine neurotransmitters (Johnson et al. 1970; Smith et al. 1971; Zarcone et al. 1978)....
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...Several studies found that DTs are associated with fragmented sleep—that is, frequent awakenings or arousals that alternate with episodes of light sleep (i.e., stage 1) or REM sleep (Johnson et al. 1970; Greenberg and Pearlman 1967; Gross et al. 1966)....
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TL;DR: This paper reviews the extensive literature describing ethanol's effects on the sleep of healthy normals and alcoholics and the newer literature that describes its interactive effects on daytime sleepiness, physiological functions during sleep, and sleep disorders.
292 citations
References
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TL;DR: The general depression scales used were felt to be insufficient for the purpose of this research project and the more specific scales were also inadequate.
Abstract: The fact that there is a need for assessing depression, whether as an affect, a symptom, or a disorder is obvious by the numerous scales and inventories available and in use today. The need to assess depression simply and specifically as a psychiatric disorder has not been met by most scales available today. We became acutely aware of this situation in a research project where we needed to correlate both the presence and severity of a depressive disorder in patients with other parameters such as arousal response during sleep and changes with treatment of the depressive disorder. It was felt that the general depression scales used were insufficient for our purpose and that the more specific scales were also inadequate. These inadequacies related to factors such as the length of a scale or inventory being too long and too time consuming, especially for a patient
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TL;DR: A description of the construction of the test and the normative data that have been accumulated in connection with it are presented as of possible interest to other researchers.
Abstract: Since the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale has proven to be such a useful device in the selection of subjects for experimental purposes, a description of the construction of the test and the normative data that have been accumulated in connection with it are presented as of possible interest to other i
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TL;DR: The electroencephalographic records from 43 subjects who slept for four consecutive nights in a laboratory environment showed that the first night of laboratory sleep contains more awake periods and less Stage I-rapid eye movement sleep.
Abstract: The electroencephalographic records from 43 subjects who slept for four consecutive nights in a laboratory environment were studied in an effort to describe the First Night Effect. These records showed that the first night of laboratory sleep contains more awake periods and less Stage I-rapid eye movement sleep. There is a delay in the onset of Stages IV and I-REM and the sleep is more changeable. These effects rapidly adapt out by the second night of sleep.
1,094 citations
TL;DR: It appears that the EEG of sleep may prove to be a diagnostic and research tool of special value to geriatric psychiatry because the quantitative changes in sleep with normal and pathological aging are similar to changes which take place in rate of overall brain metabolism.
440 citations