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Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications: Is-95 and Third Generation Cdma Applications

TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide fundamental and practical information for practicing engineers, students, and researchers in industry as well as in academia to satisfy the growing demand for knowledge in two emerging areas: adaptive antennas (also known as smart antennas) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) applications.
Abstract: From the Book: PREFACE: Smart Antennas for Wireless CommunicationsIS-95 and Third Generation CDMA ApplicationsPrefaceThis text has been created to satisfy the growing demand for knowledge in two emerging areas: adaptive antennas (also known as smart antennas) and Code Division Multiple Access CDMA was commercialized in the early 1990s by Qualcomm, Inc, a San Diego, California, company that pioneered the use of a classic military concept for the burgeoning cellular telephone industry Adaptive arrays, first conceptualized in the 1960s with the birth of digital signal processing, only recently have become practical for deployment; the intense growth rates of wireless services around the world are beckoning for their commercial useThis text has been developed through years of research by the authors and their colleagues at the Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group of Virginia Tech and at Bell Communications Research Our goal in creating this text is to provide fundamental and practical information for practicing engineers, students, and researchers in industry as well as in academia To complement the book, the second author was asked by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) to provide a compendium of selected readings of key journal papers dedicated to the topic of smart antennas The compendium, when used in conjunction with this text, provides a convenient single source of literature for use in classrooms or industry short coursesThe material and organization of this book stemmed from the first author's 1995 PhD dissertation on the subject of CDMA and smart antennas Since then, a great deal of work has transpired in the field, including the adoption oftheIS-95 J-STD-008 CDMA standard, the new 14,400 bps voice coder for Rate Set 2 channels, new methods and models for implementation and modeling of smart antennas in CDMA, and the stringent wireless E-911 position location requirement 125m, 67% of the time imposed by the Federal Communications Commission We have worked diligently to include up-to-the-minute information in this text The text is arranged into 10 chapters Chapter 1 provides an overview of CDMA and smart antennas; it includes a glossary of terms and a fundamental treatment of synchronous and asynchronous CDMA Antenna and propagation fundamentals, as they relate to CDMA systems, are also presented Chapter 2 provides valuable practical information on the IS-95 J-STD-008 standard, and it provides in-depth descriptions of all of the CDMA channels Also included is an actual link budget design for a PCS CDMA system Chapter 3 provides fundamental material on adaptive antenna arrays and array theory The concepts of beamforming, weighting vectors, and fixed-beam vs adaptive beam antennas are covered Chapter 4 applies this material to specific CDMA implementations that may be used for today's IS-95 and future CDMA systems Chapter 5 combines the concepts of CDMA and adaptive antennas to derive analytical expressions that allow wireless system designers to predict the coverage and capacity gains that adaptive antennas provide in a multi-cell CDMA system This chapter derives classic results that have led to system capacity predictions using CDMA with and without adaptive antennasChapter 6 provides an overview of multipath and Direction-Of-Arrival models for wireless channels A host of propagation models which are useful for analysis and simulation of adaptive array algorithms are presented Chapter 7 then describes complete details of one multipath propagation model, the Geometrically Based Single Bounce Elliptical Model, which provides complete characterization of a multipath environment in microcell/picocell applications Chapter 8 describes optimal spatial filtering approaches that use both adaptive arrays and characteristics of the CDMA signals Building on the fundamentals provided in Chapter 3, this chapter presents optimal methods that null interference while maximizing the carrier-to-noise ratio of a desired user Chapter 9 describes the algorithmic techniques for determining the Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) of a signal in a multi-user interference environment Such capabilities will be required for position location techniques Chapter 10 concludes this text with a thorough treatment of position location algorithms and approaches Appendix A covers the derivation of the Gaussian Approximation and its many derivatives for spread spectrum systems Other appendices provide information that engineers and educators may find usefulThe authors wish to acknowledge the invaluable assistance, skill, and patience of Aurelia Scharnhorst, a research associate with Virginia Tech's Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG), in formatting this text The ingenuity and hard work of Zhigang Rong, Rias Muhamed, and George Mizusawa are represented in parts of Chapters 8, 9, and 10 of this book, as portions of their mastersâ theses have been used with their gracious permission Other MPRG researchers who played an important role in building the knowledge base presented in this text are Rich Ertel, Kevin Krizman, Neal Patwari, Paulo Cardieri, and Tom Biedka The authors would also like to thank Prof M Zoltowski of Purdue University, Prof A Paulraj of Stanford University, M Feuerstein of Metawave, C Thompson of Virginia Tech, and Prof W Tranter and Prof B Woerner of Virginia Techâs MPRG for their review of this text and encouragement to pursue this project Kevin Sowerby of the University of Auckland, New Zealand also helped inspire this work during his 1997 sabbatical at MPRGThe authors would also like to thank Joe Wilkes, Paul Zablocky, and Shimon Moshavi of Bellcore, for valuable discussions regarding IS-95 Daniel Devasirvathm, Scott Seidel, and John Koshy provided insight and assistance that allowed the book to become a reality This text is the product of funded research supported at Virginia Tech through the MPRG industrial affiliates program It is our pleasure to bring this book to you, and we hope you find it usefulJ C L, JrT S R
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The measurement results confirm that the majority of the multipath components can be determined from image based ray tracing techniques for line-of-sight (LOS) applications and can be used as empirical values for broadband wireless system design for 60-GHz short-range channels.
Abstract: This article presents measurement results and models for 60-GHz channels. Multipath components were resolved in time by using a sliding correlator with 10-ns resolution and in space by sweeping a directional antenna with 7/spl deg/ half power beamwidth in the azimuthal direction. Power delay profiles (PDPs) and power angle profiles (PAPs) were measured in various indoor and short-range outdoor environments. Detailed multipath structure was retrieved from PDPs and PAPs and was related to site-specific environments. Results show an excellent correlation between the propagation environments and the multipath channel structures. The measurement results confirm that the majority of the multipath components can be determined from image based ray tracing techniques for line-of-sight (LOS) applications. For non-LOS (NLOS) propagation through walls, the metallic structure of composite walls must be considered. From the recorded PDPs and PAPs, received signal power and statistical parameters of angle-of-arrival and time-of-arrival were also calculated. These parameters accurately describe the spatial and temporal properties of millimeter-wave channels and can be used as empirical values for broadband wireless system design for 60-GHz short-range channels.

650 citations


Cites background from "Smart Antennas for Wireless Communi..."

  • ...More advanced channel models which include time dispersion and angular dispersion have also been developed [3], [ 4 ]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper describes the results of an ultra-wideband (UWB) propagation study in which arrays of propagation measurements were made, and an approach to the spatial and temporal decomposition of an array of measurements into wavefronts impinging on the receiving array is presented.
Abstract: This paper describes the results of an ultra-wideband (UWB) propagation study in which arrays of propagation measurements were made. After a description of the propagation measurement technique, an approach to the spatial and temporal decomposition of an array of measurements into wavefronts impinging on the receiving array is presented. Based on a modification of the CLEAN algorithm, this approach provides estimates of time-of-arrival, angle-of-arrival, and waveform shape. This technique is applied to 14 arrays of indoor propagation measurements made in an office/laboratory building. Statistical description of the results is presented, based on a clustering model for multipath effects. The parameters of these statistical models are compared to results derived for narrowband signal propagation in the indoor environment.

628 citations


Cites background or methods from "Smart Antennas for Wireless Communi..."

  • ...Each of the waveform plots displays two curves, corresponding to the waveform recovered by the processing algorithms using time windows of different sizes....

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  • ...A PPLICATION OF SENSOR-CLEAN TO THE MEASUREDDATA The Sensor-CLEAN algorithm and the post-processing algorithms were applied to the measured propagation data....

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  • ...A number of propagation studies have been reported, for both indoor and outdoor environments [2], [4], [5], [7], [8], [14], and [17], some examining just the temporal properties of the channel and some characterizing the spatio-temporal channel response....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The measurement and simulation methods presented in this paper can be used to establish empirical performance bounds for real implementation of super-resolution indoor geolocation systems.
Abstract: This paper presents an in-depth investigation of frequency-domain super-resolution time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation with diversity techniques for indoor geolocation applications. A methodology for performance evaluation of super-resolution techniques based on the measurements of indoor radio propagation channels is presented. The performance of super-resolution techniques is compared with the performance of conventional TOA estimation techniques. The effects of diversity techniques on the performance of super-resolution techniques are evaluated. The measurement and simulation methods presented in this paper can be used to establish empirical performance bounds for real implementation of super-resolution indoor geolocation systems.

576 citations


Cites background from "Smart Antennas for Wireless Communi..."

  • ...The decrease in increases fluctuations in the matrix , resulting in large perturbations of the eigenvalues and EVs of , and reduces the number of coherent that can be detected [20], [21]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the propagation prediction models for terrestrial wireless communication systems is presented and the focus is placed on the application of ray-tracing techniques to the development of deterministic propagation models.
Abstract: A comprehensive review of the propagation prediction models for terrestrial wireless communication systems is presented in this paper. The classic empirical models are briefly described and the focus is placed on the application of ray-tracing techniques to the development of deterministic propagation models. Schemes to increase the computational efficiency and accuracy are discussed. Traditional statistical models are also briefly reviewed for completeness. New challenges to the propagation prediction are described and some new approaches for meeting these challenges are presented.

563 citations


Cites background from "Smart Antennas for Wireless Communi..."

  • ...The scatterer distribution can lie in a circular area [22], an elliptical area [108], [109], or in clusters [110]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that the CWLS estimator yields better performance than the LS method and achieves both the Crame/spl acute/r-Rao lower bound and the optimal circular error probability at sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio conditions.
Abstract: Localization of mobile phones is of considerable interest in wireless communications. In this correspondence, two algorithms are developed for accurate mobile location using the time-of-arrival measurements of the signal from the mobile station received at three or more base stations. The first algorithm is an unconstrained least squares (LS) estimator that has implementation simplicity. The second algorithm solves a nonconvex constrained weighted least squares (CWLS) problem for improving estimation accuracy. It is shown that the CWLS estimator yields better performance than the LS method and achieves both the Crame/spl acute/r-Rao lower bound and the optimal circular error probability at sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio conditions.

531 citations