Smart Grid Standards and Systems Interoperability: A Precedent with OpenADR
01 Jan 2011-
TL;DR: The paper describes the Smart Grid standards and systems interoperability through Open Automated Demand Response Standards (OpenADR) conformance development process, which aligns closely with the national and GridWise® Architecture Council’s recommendations for interoperability.
Abstract: The paper describes the Smart Grid standards and systems interoperability through Open Automated Demand Response Standards (OpenADR) conformance development process. The process aligns closely with the national and GridWise® Architecture Council’s recommendations for interoperability. Utilizing the activities of standards organizations, user-groups, industry alliances, and the Smart Grid development, the paper looks at the standards development, and certification and testing process. The paper references the Conformance and Interoperability Process Reference Manuals, and requirements of the standards organizations for certification and interoperability of OpenADR standards to address consumers and stakeholders needs. The evaluation framework for OpenADR interoperability will be characterized through the data transport mechanisms, harmonization and co-existence with other standards and systems, and Smart Grid interoperability across different markets. The result is the interoperable information exchange among Smart Grid standards and technology implementations within the national and international standards activities, primarily the interoperability and backward compatibility needs within the California commercial deployments. This process offers significant value to the consumers and builds trust in the system. The service-providers and vendors can provide cost-effective solutions, which reduce the implementation costs and improves the operational efficiency of DR programs and automation.
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01 Nov 2014
TL;DR: The potential and challenges in an emerging area of research that has the potential to significantly ease the incorporation of renewable energy into the grid as weil as electric power peak-load shaving are surveyed.
Abstract: This paper surveys the opportunities and challenges in an emerging area of research that has the potential to significantly ease the incorporation of renewable energy into the grid as weil as electric power peak-load shaving: data center demand response. Data center demand response sits at the intersection of two growing fields: energy efficient data centers and demand response in the smart grid. As such, the literature related to data center demand response is sprinkled across multiple areas and worked on by diverse groups. Our goal in this survey is to demonstrate the potential of the field while also summarizing the progress that has been made and the challenges that remain.
183 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a real-time optimization framework based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) is designed to control the power flow from the grid, solar Photovoltaic (PV) panels, and ESS to a commercial building with HVAC systems.
88 citations
TL;DR: A novel B2G index is proposed, which is based on building’s energy cost and nodal load factor, and represents a metric of combined optimal operations of the commercial buildings and distribution grid.
Abstract: This paper proposes a novel framework suitable for bilevel optimization in a system of commercial buildings integrated to smart distribution grid. The proposed optimization framework consists of comprehensive mathematical models of commercial buildings and underlying distribution grid, their operational constraints, and a bilevel solution approach which is based on the information exchange between the two levels. The proposed framework benefits both entities involved in the building-to-grid (B2G) system, i.e., the operations of the buildings and the distribution grid. The framework achieves two distinct objectives: increased load penetration by maximizing the distribution system load factor and reduced energy cost for the buildings. This study also proposes a novel B2G index, which is based on building’s energy cost and nodal load factor, and represents a metric of combined optimal operations of the commercial buildings and distribution grid. The usefulness of the proposed framework is demonstrated in a B2G system that consists of several commercial buildings connected to a 33-node distribution test feeder, where the building parameters are obtained from actual measurements at an office building at Michigan Technological University.
88 citations
Cites background from "Smart Grid Standards and Systems In..."
...VOLTTRON, OpenADR, BEMOSS are some of the open source platforms that can be utilized for the implementation of the proposed models at the customer and grid levels [36]–[38]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of thermal energy storage systems applied to combined heat and power systems, building systems, and solar thermal power systems and discuss how applications of thermal storage can benefit the chemical industry.
Abstract: Abstract This paper reviews the optimization and control of thermal energy storage systems. Emphasis is given to thermal storage applied to combined heat and power systems, building systems, and solar thermal power systems. The paper also discusses how applications of thermal storage can benefit the chemical industry. Optimization of the design and control of thermal storage systems improves plant performance and improves the management of transient energy loads in a variety of applications. In order to maximize the benefits of thermal storage, it is necessary to include advanced multivariate constrained controls, such as model predictive control. Thermal storage also increases system flexibility, allowing the incorporation of intermittent renewable energy sources. The flexibility of thermal storage will play an increasingly important role as utilities implement smart grid technology with time-of-use electricity pricing. Lastly, thermal energy storage improves system economics by reducing required equipment sizes, improving efficiency, and reducing equipment wear.
74 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple economic analysis of the cost of frequency regulation from these resources and discuss potential impacts on advanced load management methods is performed on a ∼30,000m 2 office building, and at the 15-min time scale of these experiments, they find the extra energy consumption to be significant.
62 citations
References
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01 Jan 2007
283 citations
TL;DR: The intention of the open automated demand response communications data model is to provide interoperable signals to building and industrial control systems that are preprogrammed to take action based on a demand response signal, enabling ademand response event to be fully automated, with no manual intervention.
Abstract: The development of the Open Automated Demand Response Communications Specification, also known as OpenADR or Open Auto-DR, began in 2002 following the California electricity crisis. The work has been carried out by the Demand Response Research Center (DRRC), which is managed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. This specification describes an open standards-based communications data model designed to facilitate sending and receiving demand response price and reliability signals from a utility or Independent System Operator to electric customers. OpenADR is one element of the Smart Grid information and communications technologies that are being developed to improve optimization between electric supply and demand. The intention of the open automated demand response communications data model is to provide interoperable signals to building and industrial control systems that are preprogrammed to take action based on a demand response signal, enabling a demand response event to be fully automated, with no manual intervention. The OpenADR specification is a flexible infrastructure to facilitate common information exchange between the utility or Independent System Operator and end-use participants. The concept of an open specification is intended to allow anyone to implement the signaling systems, the automation server or the automation clients.
124 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, Piette and Kiliccote present the results of automated critical peak pricing field tests at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in Berkeley, California.
Abstract: Automated Critical Peak Pricing Field Tests: 2006 Pilot Program Description and Results Mary Ann Piette David Watson Naoya Motegi Sila Kiliccote Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory MS90R3111 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, California 94720 June 19, 2007 LBNL Report Number 62218
73 citations
"Smart Grid Standards and Systems In..." refers background or methods in this paper
...The research and pilots are well studied (Piette et al., 2007a) and summarized below....
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...The key objective of the communication system for OpenADR was to develop a low-cost technology and increase grid and DR infrastructure reliability through automation (Piette et al., 2007b)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the concept for and lessons from the development and field-testing of an open, interoperable communications infrastructure to support automated demand response (auto-DR), which allows greater levels of participation, improved reliability, and repeatability of the DR in participating facilities.
Abstract: This paper describes the concept for and lessons from the development and field-testing of an open, interoperable communications infrastructure to support automated demand response (auto-DR). Automating DR allows greater levels of participation, improved reliability, and repeatability of the DR in participating facilities. This paper also presents the technical and architectural issues associated with auto-DR and description of the demand response automation server (DRAS), the client/server architecture-based middle-ware used to automate the interactions between the utilities or any DR serving entity and their customers for DR programs. Use case diagrams are presented to show the role of the DRAS between utility/ISO and the clients at the facilities.
69 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The design and operation of an Open Interoperable Automated Demand Response Infrastructure for Commercial Buildings and its applications and implications are described.
Abstract: Design and Operation of an Open Interoperable Automated Demand Response Infrastructure for Commercial Buildings Mary Ann Piette, Girish Ghatikar, Sila Kiliccote, David Watson Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Ed Koch, Dan Hennage Akuacom
69 citations
"Smart Grid Standards and Systems In..." refers background or methods in this paper
...…1.0 communication specification by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) DR Research Center and the California Energy Commission (CEC) (Piette et al., 2009a) is implemented in California’s commercial Automated DR (Auto-DR) programs (Wikler et al., 2008), and is soon going to be a…...
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...OpenADR provides non-proprietary, standardized interfaces to enable electricity service providers to communicate DR and Distributed Energy Resource (DER) signals to customers using a common language and existing communications such as the Internet (Piette et al., 2009b)....
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...This SoapUI framework is also connected to the Internet for easy access and to allow Web-based testing (remote testing)....
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...CEC-500-2009-063....
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...The OpenADR 1.0 communication specification by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) DR Research Center and the California Energy Commission (CEC) (Piette et al., 2009a) is implemented in California’s commercial Automated DR (Auto-DR) programs (Wikler et al., 2008), and is soon going to be a formal standard.1 This standard, which will be called OpenADR 2.0, is a result of contributions from many standards organizations and the OpenADR stakeholders....
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