Smart Grid Systems Based Survey on Cyber Security Issues
01 Dec 2017-Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science)-Vol. 6, Iss: 4, pp 337-342
TL;DR: In this survey, several published works related to smart grid system vulnerabilities, potential intentional attacks, and suggested countermeasures for these threats have been investigated.
Abstract: The future power system will be an innovative administration of existing power grids, which is called smart grid. Above all, the application of advanced communication and computing tools is going to significantly improve the productivity and consistency of smart grid systems with renewable energy resources. Together with the topographies of the smart grid, cyber security appears as a serious concern since a huge number of automatic devices are linked through communication networks. Cyber attacks on those devices had a direct influence on the reliability of extensive infrastructure of the power system. In this survey, several published works related to smart grid system vulnerabilities, potential intentional attacks, and suggested countermeasures for these threats have been investigated.
Citations
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TL;DR: This paper attempts to provide an overview of SG systems, by outlining SG architecture and various components, and introduces communication technologies, integration and network management tools that are involved in SG systems.
Abstract: The recent advances in technology, the increased dependence on electrical energy and the emergence of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) were all factors in the increased need for smart, efficient and reliable energy systems. This introduced the concept of the Smart Grid (SG). A SG is a potential replacement for older power grids, capable of adapting and distributing energy based on demand. SG systems are complex. They combine various components and have high requirements for real time reliable operation. This paper attempts to provide an overview of SG systems, by outlining SG architecture and various components. It also introduces communication technologies, integration and network management tools that are involved in SG systems. In addition, the paper highlights challenges and issues that need to be addressed for a successful implementation of SG. Finally, we provide suggestions for future research directions.
18 citations
Cites background from "Smart Grid Systems Based Survey on ..."
...Another mothod that can be used to reduce DDos attacks is IP fast hopping, which disguses the true IP address of a service so that it becomes harder to target by attackers [38]....
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TL;DR: The vehicle ventilation system built using NodeMCU microcontroller is capable to provide near real-time data monitoring for temperature in the car before and after the ventilation system was applied.
Abstract: In this paper, an implementation of vehicle ventilation system using microcontroller NodeMCU is described, as an internet of things (IoT) platform. A low-cost wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) microchip ESP8266 integrated with NodeMCU provides full-stack transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) to communicate between mobile applications. This chip is capable to monitor and control sensor devices connected to the IoT platform. In this reserach, data was collected from a temperature sensor integrated to the platform, which then monitored using Blynk application. The vehicle ventilation system was activated/deactivated through mobile application and controlled using ON/OFF commands sent to the connected devices. From the results, the vehicle ventilation system built using NodeMCU microcontroller is capable to provide near real-time data monitoring for temperature in the car before and after the ventilation system was applied.
16 citations
TL;DR: This work modeled an actual non-intrusive PnP sequential SVC prototype hardware and wireless FLC automation software design on a real single phase home appliances system as load modeling and designed a novel Unidirectional MOSFET Switched Capasitor model (UniMosSC) which enables to reduce the hardware cost and increase the life span of SVC.
Abstract: The current rapid growth in IoT technology facilitates the effortless implementation of bidirectional remote monitoring and control system implementation in homes and buildings. We have modeled an actual non-intrusive PnP sequential SVC prototype hardware and wireless FLC automation software design on a real single phase home appliances system as load modeling. In addition, we have also designed a novel Unidirectional MOSFET Switched Capasitor model (UniMosSC) which enables us to reduce the hardware cost and increase the life span of SVC due it uses minimum switching devices. The system we have designed is able to correct the power factor at the root of the problem at each appliance. Due to complexity of appliance clustering and overlapping clusters, we implemented fuzziness in the system for more reliability in computations. The system could be used in homes or buildings resulting in electricity bill reduction, saving dollars and cents.
3 citations
Additional excerpts
...Rather than controlling appliance as suggested by this paper [1], we have improved with adding compensator at each end device....
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TL;DR: A new smart monitoring system designed based on dc to dc converter for photovoltaic application that can be used to monitor step-up or step-down topologies, low-cost, and high-efficiency performance.
Abstract: This paper presents a new smart monitoring system designed based on dc to dc converter for photovoltaic application. This system design according two parts to monitor input-output voltages and currents for dc/dc converter, (a) control system: the control system using Arduino NANO as microcontroller to read the measuring voltage and current values from sensor circuits of voltage and current. The measuring data send by Bluetooth HC-05 to end user (monitor system). Bluetooth as wireless communication between the control system and monitoring system (end users). (b) monitoring system: The monitoring system application program as a new application designed to monitor the received data from control system from safety distance (around 10m). the application program designed by the open source AppyBuilder software. The AppyBuilder is an open source software for easily building Android smartphone application. The advantages of the final circuit can be used to monitor step-up or step-down topologies, low-cost, and high-efficiency performance.
3 citations
Cites background from "Smart Grid Systems Based Survey on ..."
...INTRODUCTION Due to changes in technology, There is an ongoing evolution in the surveillance systems, especially in the medical, industrial and general services industry for individuals [1-9]....
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TL;DR: In this paper , the authors developed a model and performed functional analysis as per the above understanding and requirements to develop an optimized structure to improve the effectiveness of the propulsion system with power consumption.
Abstract: Abstract Recently, there has been an increase in the growth and advancement of electric propulsion in marine electrical drives. A maximum amount of energy is utilized by ships for propulsion drives. To be aware of it and develop an optimized structure to improve the effectiveness of the propulsion system with power consumption is necessary. The proposed paper aims to develop a model and perform functional analysis as per the above understanding and requirements. The factors considered include greenhouse gas emissions, CO2 emissions, environmental aspects, and the availability of non-renewable resources, which leads to the introduction of renewable energy as a replacement method of power generation. For this work, two different renewable sources, such as solar and wind energy, were chosen. The combination of these two resources can manipulate the voltage and satisfy the load in a desirable way. For voltage improvement, a high gain converter with a minimal number of active and passive components is selected. This system adopts a storage system to meet the needs in the future. The inverter switches are controlled by the recommended control algorithm, which can balance and provide adequate power towards the drive by a feedback control loop. The speed of propulsion in the drive is adjusted by the induction motor coupled with the propeller. The analytical study of the proposed system is carried out in MATLAB software. The simulation study revealed the effectiveness of this modern optimization technique.
2 citations
References
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16 Sep 2010
TL;DR: Solutions to adapt classical tools and processes so that energy management systems can efficiently supervise and manage distributed generation are presented.
Abstract: The presence of distributed generation poses new challenges in the management and operation of electrical grids. Distributed generation (wind, combined heat and power, etc.) already accounts for 20% or more of total generation in some electric utilities and this figure is constantly increasing worldwide. With the advent of environmental friendly, small size and efficient generators close to the loads new issues in power supply researches have introduced. Indicating small size and separate characteristics, the aggregation of these efficient generators can be developed as a virtual power plant (VPP) concept in order to provide added-value to the electric Power system. VPP is the primary solution for achieving cost efficient integration in distributed generation (DG) in decentralized electrical power market. TSOs, DSOs and energy markets need to have some visibility on a large number of small power injections. This paper presents solutions to adapt classical tools and processes so that energy management systems can efficiently supervise and manage distributed generation.
43 citations
"Smart Grid Systems Based Survey on ..." refers background in this paper
...The SG is a power delivery infrastructure includes various energy measures, resources, and technologies such as smart meters, virtual power plants (VPPs), microgrids, renewable energy resources, and communication technologies [2-4]....
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TL;DR: The analysis shows that in comparison with the LLCL filter, the L(LCL)2 filter not only has lower voltage drop and less total inductor size, but also has improved performance in decreasing high-order current harmonics.
Abstract: In order to reduce the influence of the grid harmonic currents and voltages, harmonic compensation is regularly implemented for a grid-tied inverter. In this study, a new topology of a higher order power filter for single-phase grid-tied voltage-source inverters, named L(LCL) $_{2}$ , is presented. The subscript is added to the name to prevent confusion with the LLCL filter. In the proposed design, the inverter side inductance is divided into three parts, and the grid side inductor is removed. Also, an additional resonant branch at the double of the switching frequency is added to the traditional LLCL filter to attenuate high-frequency harmonics. The overall inductance of the recommended filter is smaller than the LLCL filter. A comparative study and discussions on the subject of the traditional LLCL filter and the proposed L(LCL) $_{2}$ filter have been conducted and assessed through an experimental hardware implementation on a 700 W, 120 V/60 Hz single-phase grid-tied inverter. Furthermore, a straightforward engineering design benchmark is suggested to discover parameters of the L(LCL) $_{2}$ filter. Moreover, stability analysis, loss analysis and an optimization of the L(LCL) $_{2}$ filter parameters have been conducted in this study. The analysis shows that in comparison with the LLCL filter, the L(LCL) $_{2}$ filter not only has lower voltage drop and less total inductor size, but also has improved performance in decreasing high-order current harmonics.
39 citations
"Smart Grid Systems Based Survey on ..." refers background in this paper
...It provides the two-way flow of power and information, controls, and optimizes the production and distribution of electricity through high voltage network from the power generator to energy storage systems and end user consumers [5-8]....
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09 Apr 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, a non-complicated method for tracking the maximum power point without any previous knowledge of the physical parameters linked with a Grid-Connected photovoltaic (PV) system using artificial neural networks (ANN) modelling is introduced.
Abstract: According to a nonlinear current-voltage characteristic of Photovoltaics (PV) we need to track maximum power output of PV generation units instantly. The aim of this paper is to introduce a non-complicated method for tracking the maximum Power Point without any previous knowledge of the physical parameters linked with a Grid-Connected photovoltaic (PV) system using artificial neural networks (ANN) modelling. The ANN is trained in various conditions of PV Output Voltage and PV Output Current to forecast the Duty Cycle of DC-DC boost converter as the MPPT device. The proposed technique is implemented in Matlab/Simulink and compared with the conventional method of incremental conductance. Simulation results show a good performance of the ANN based MPPT controller. MPPT techniques that properly detect the global MPP has been widely investigated in the literature. They include hill climbing (HC), incremental conductance (IncCond), perturb-band-observe (P&O), and fuzzy logic controller (FLC). As the best of our knowledge estimation of the duty cycle of the DC-DC boost converter by Artificial Neural Network and using it in place of the whole MPPT controller and using Voltage and current has not been done so far in the literature.
34 citations
"Smart Grid Systems Based Survey on ..." refers background in this paper
...It provides the two-way flow of power and information, controls, and optimizes the production and distribution of electricity through high voltage network from the power generator to energy storage systems and end user consumers [5-8]....
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17 Jul 2016
TL;DR: In this article, a combined virtual inertia emulator (VIE) and a hybrid battery-supercapacitor-based energy storage system was proposed for enhancing the stability of the microgrid and smoothing the short-term power fluctuations simultaneously.
Abstract: The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) generating system under intermittent solar radiation is a challenging task. Furthermore, with high penetration levels of photovoltaic energy sources being integrated into the current electric power grid, the performance of the conventional synchronous generators is being changed and grid inertial response is deteriorating. This paper proposes a combined virtual inertia emulator (VIE) and a hybrid battery-supercapacitor-based energy storage system for enhancing the stability of the Microgrids and smoothing the short-term power fluctuations simultaneously. Not only could the suggested system overcome the slow response of battery system (including dynamics of battery, controller, and converter operation) by redirecting the power surges to the supercapacitor system, but also enhance the inertial response by emulating the kinetic inertia of synchronous generator. Control systems for the VIE and battery-supercapacitor storage system are presented in this paper. Correspondingly simulation results are discussed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. In this paper, Matlab Simulink software has been considered to develop control designs of VIE and Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS). Through these studies, it will be demonstrated that the recommended method is capable of achieving voltage and frequency regulation and effective management of the hybrid storage system. Since the suggested technique focuses on short-term fluctuations and includes no long-term power regulation, it needs no mass storage device. Thus, the method is economical. The other concerns raised by renewables (e.g., forecast accuracy, low voltage ride-through, etc.) have not been addressed within this study.
26 citations
"Smart Grid Systems Based Survey on ..." refers background in this paper
...It provides the two-way flow of power and information, controls, and optimizes the production and distribution of electricity through high voltage network from the power generator to energy storage systems and end user consumers [5-8]....
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TL;DR: An approach of coordinated and integrated control of solar PV generators with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control and battery storage control to provide voltage and frequency (V-f) support to an islanded microgrid is proposed.
Abstract: Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a photo voltaic system with different temperature and insolation conditions used for Micro grids can be explained in this paper. The different steps of the design of this controller are presented together with its simulation and the feasibility of control methods to be adopted for the operation of a micro grid when it becomes isolated. Normally, the micro grid operates in interconnected mode with the medium voltage network; however, scheduled or forced isolation can take place. In such conditions, the micro grid must have the ability to operate stably and autonomously. An evaluation of the need of storage devices and load to take off strategies is included in this paper. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has witnessed double-digit growth in the past decade. The penetration of PV systems as distributed generators in low-voltage grids has also seen significant attention. In addition, the need for higher overall grid efficiency and reliability has boosted the interest in the microgrid concept. High-efficiency PV-based microgrids require maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers to maximize the harvested energy due to the nonlinearity in PV module characteristics. This paper proposes an approach of coordinated and integrated control of solar PV generators with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control and battery storage control to provide voltage and frequency (V-f) support to an islanded microgrid. The simulation studies are carried out with the IEEE 13-bus feeder test system in grid connected and islanded microgrid modes. The MPPT of a Photovoltaic System for Micro Grid operation is successfully designed and simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink Software in this paper.
24 citations
"Smart Grid Systems Based Survey on ..." refers background in this paper
...The SG is a power delivery infrastructure includes various energy measures, resources, and technologies such as smart meters, virtual power plants (VPPs), microgrids, renewable energy resources, and communication technologies [2-4]....
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