Social behavior and relationship among wild chimpanzees of the Mahali mountains
TL;DR: Patterns of social behavior of the chimpanzees of the Mahali Mts.
Abstract: Patterns of social behavior of the chimpanzees of the Mahali Mts. are listed briefly in this paper, where behavior absent in the other subhuman primates is especially focussed upon. Some are more analogous to those of mankind than to those of the other subhuman primates. This characteristic social behavior is more or less related to the peculiar social organization of wild chimpanzees. Differences of social behavior between two local populations (i.e., of the Mahali Mts. and the Gombe Stream Reserve) have not been recognized; namely, “dialect” differentiation does not seem to exist.
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TL;DR: ‘kissing’ is characteristic of reconciliation and ‘embracing’ of consolation according to the data, which indicate that former opponents preferentially make body contact with each other rather than with third partners.
Abstract: 1.
After agonistic interactions among chimpanzees, former opponents often come into non-violent body contact. The present paper gives a quantitative description of such contacts among the chimpanzees of a large semi-free-living colony at the Arnhem Zoo, in order to establish whether these post-conflict contacts are of a specific nature.
2.
Our data indicate that former opponents preferentially make body contact with each other rather than with third partners. They tend to contact each other shortly after the conflict and show special behaviour patterns during these first contacts. Data on contacts of the aggressed party with third animals indicate that such contacts are characterized by the same special behaviour patterns as first interopponent contacts. These patterns are: ‘kiss’, ‘embrace’, ‘hold-out-hand’, ‘submissive vocalization’ and ‘touch’.
3.
Such interactions apparently serve an important socially homeostatic function and we termed them ‘reconciliation’ (i.e. contact between former opponents) and ‘consolation’ (i.e. contact of the aggressed party with a third animal). According to our data, ‘kissing’ is characteristic of reconciliation and ‘embracing’ of consolation.
601 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, female baboons were studied over a 15-month period which included sexual cycling, pregnancy, and lactation, and it was found that high-ranking females were more attractive than others.
419 citations
TL;DR: Recent evidence on the differential socialization of boys and girls supports the earlier view: that boys do not receive more reinforcement for aggression than girls, and that rates of punishment are also similar once the differential base rates in aggression are taken into account.
Abstract: A meta analysis of observational studies of peer-directed aggression by children aged 6 and younger yields a highly significant sex difference. Out of 32 studies, z values reflected higher male aggression in 24, no difference in 8, higher female aggression in none. Furthermore, boys' aggression is most often displayed in the presence of male partners. Evidence is presented that the sex difference is probably not merely an artifact of higher rates of male activity or social interaction. Existing cross-cultural evidence also shows higher rates of male aggression, as does most of the work on free-living primates. Specifically, the 3 observational studies of chimpanzees show considerably more aggression in males. Evidence for a hormonal contribution to male aggression is clear in animals and inconclusive in human beings, although the existing human findings are consistent with such a contribution. Recent evidence on the differential socialization of boys and girls supports our earlier view: that boys do not receive more reinforcement for aggression than girls, and that rates of punishment are also similar once the differential base rates in aggression are taken into account. The role of self-socialization (including choice of same-sex models) is discussed, and the view is expressed that this probably depends upon the development of certain cognitions about sex identity which normally do not develop until a later age than the age at which a consistent sex difference in aggression first appears.
416 citations
TL;DR: For example, the authors found that individuals who were reluctant to share (i.e., showed a low rate of food distribution) had a higher probability of encountering aggression when they themselves approached food possessors.
393 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that allegiance fickleness could provide a basis for individual selection of social intelligence in chimpanzees in a habituated group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains of Tanzania.
Abstract: Intermale competition was studied in a habituated group of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Mahale Mountains of Tanzania. The group of 27 individuals included 3 adult males and 12 adult females. The beta-ranked male was observed to attack the alpha male and usurp his status. The beta male was supported by an ally, the gamma male. Earlier in the competition the gamma male had supported the alpha male. When the alpha male was displaced, he completely lost what had been an exclusive copulatory right. It was clear that alliance with the most subordinate male was a critically effective strategy for the major competitors. The alliance strategy of the gamma male invested him with important power. The strategy of changing alliance is referred to as “allegiance fickleness.” It is suggested that allegiance fickleness could provide a basis for individual selection of social intelligence.
341 citations
Cites background from "Social behavior and relationship am..."
...NISHIDA (1979) and TuTIN (1979, 1980) stressed the great reproductive advantage of alpha status on the basis of more recent evidence. The possible advantages of alpha status has become an important question regarding the social structure of this species, and new information on this matter is presented here. The second problem with which this paper deals is the nature of agonistic coalitions among chimpanzee males. Coalitions among male mammals have been discussed in terms of "reciprocal altruism" (PACKER, 1977) and "kin selection" (BERTRAM, 1976). GOODALL (1968, 1971, 1975) and BYcoa"r (1979) provided much evidence of long-term coalitions among male chim-...
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...NISHIDA (1979) and TuTIN (1979, 1980) stressed the great reproductive advantage of alpha status on the basis of more recent evidence....
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TL;DR: Kawai et al. as discussed by the authors studied the pre-culture of Japanese monkeys in Koshima (a small islet in Miyazaki Prefecture, Kyushu) and observed the habit of sweet-potato washing.
Abstract: The problem of pre-culture in the society of Japanese monkeys (Macaca ,/hscata) was first discussed and given a theoretical interpretation by K. Imanishi (1952). Since then the Primates Research Group has collected various kinds of data. A general view on the pre-culture* of Japanese monkeys was given by S. Kawamura (1956, '58, '59 and '64). Sweet-potato washing is an example of pre-culture characteristic of the troop of monkeys in Koshima (a small islet in Miyazaki Prefecture, Kyushu). This was already reported by Kawamura (1954, '56, '58, '59, and '64), D. Miyadi (1959), and Kawai (1964). Kawamura and I observed the habit of sweet-potato washing occurred in the Koshima troop in 1953, and since then I have paid much attention to observing the pre-cuhural phenomena (Kawai 1964 a, b). Besides the sweet-potato washing behavior, the Koshima troop acquired some other new behaviors, which can be regarded as the pre-culture peculiar to the troop. I would like to discuss here the sweet-potato washing pre-culture and the new pre-cultural phenomena, especially, their process of acquisition and propagation, their causes, and finally, the meaning of these pre-cultures. Before proceeding into the report, I should like to show my gratitude for the valuable advice and friendship of those who have long been with me in studying the Koshima Troop: Dr. Syunzo Kawamura of Osaka City University, Dr. Kisaburo Tokuda of Wakayama University, and Dr. Junichiro Itani of Kyoto University. For receiving valuable data and information my thanks go to Mr. Shigeru Azuma, Mr. Kenji Yoshiba of the Japan Monkey Centre, Mrs. Satsue Mito and Mr. Iwasuke Tokito. Furthermore, to Professors Denzaburo Miyadi and Kinji Imanishi of Kyoto University, under whose guidance I have long been, I would like to express my gratitude.
719 citations
TL;DR: The characteristics of the social group of wild chimpanzees are clarified by long-term observation of the baited population, and the permanency, stable membership, and integrative nature of the unit-group were confirmed during the course of this study.
Abstract: There are more than six large groups of wild chimpanzees in the study area, which is in the north-eastern part of the Mahali Mountains of Western Tanzainia. One of these groups was provisionized, that is, customarily fed sugar cane and bananas. The characteristics of the social group of wild chimpanzees are clarified by long-term observation of the baited population. The chimpanzees live in a clear-cut social unit which consists of adult males, adult females, and immature animals. The permanency, stable membership, and integrative nature of the unit-group were confirmed during the course of this study. The size of unit-groups ranges from 30 to 80 head. The unit-group generally splits up into temporary subgroups that repeat joining and parting. The size of the subgroups of the baited population ranges from one to 28 head, the mean being 8.1 head. The centralization of a unitgroup is mainly sustained by the high sociability of adult males. The random nature of the membership of subgroups is emphasized in this paper, although subgroups are usually composed by social bonds on the basis of similar age, sex, blood relationship, and/or sexual attraction. The inter-unit-group interaction is peaceful; the subordinate unit-group avoids the dominant one. The home ranges of unit-groups overlap each other extensively, the overlapping areas being used flexibly by both unit-groups on the basis of dominance-subordination relationship. The member-exchange among unit-groups may sometimes occur, but the extent of openness or closedness of a unit-group has not been well elucidated.
459 citations
TL;DR: Here, you can get easily this chimpanzees in the wild to read, not only the PDF, but also the genre of the book, which will influence how you read the book finished or not.
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154 citations