Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach
Lawrence E. Cohen,Marcus Felson +1 more
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In this paper, a "routine activity approach" is presented for analyzing crime rate trends and cycles. But rather than emphasizing the characteristics of offenders, with this approach, the authors concentrate upon the circumstances in which they carry out predatory criminal acts, and hypothesize that the dispersion of activities away from households and families increases the opportunity for crime and thus generates higher crime rates.Abstract:
In this paper we present a "routine activity approach" for analyzing crime rate trends and cycles. Rather than emphasizing the characteristics of offenders, with this approach we concentrate upon the circumstances in which they carry out predatory criminal acts. Most criminal acts require convergence in space and time of likely offenders, suitable targets and the absence of capable guardians against crime. Human ecological theory facilitates an investigation into the way in which social structure produces this convergence, hence allowing illegal activities to feed upon the legal activities of everyday life. In particular, we hypothesize that the dispersion of activities away from households and families increases the opportunity for crime and thus generates higher crime rates. A variety of data is presented in support of the hypothesis, which helps explain crime rate trends in the United States 1947-1974 as a byproduct of changes in such variables as labor force participation and single-adult households.read more
Citations
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Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory
TL;DR: In this article, a community-level theory that builds on Shaw and McKay's original model is formulated and tested, and the model is first tested by analyzing data for 238 localities in Great Britain constructed from a 1982 national survey of 10,905 residents.
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Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults
TL;DR: Life-style differences associated with differential exposure to situations that have a high risk for traumatic events and personal predispositions to the PTSD effects of traumatic events might be responsible for a substantial part of PTSD in this population.
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Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma
Naomi Breslau,Ronald C. Kessler,Howard D. Chilcoat,Lonni Schultz,Glenn C. Davis,Patricia Andreski +5 more
TL;DR: The risk of PTSD associated with a representative sample of traumas is less than previously estimated, and sudden unexpected death of a loved one is a far more important cause of PTSD in the community, accounting for nearly one third of PTSD cases.
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Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods
TL;DR: In this article, the sources and consequences of public disorder are assessed based on the videotaping and systematic rating of more than 23,000 street segments in Chicago, and highly reliable scales of social and physical disorder for 196 neighborhoods are constructed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hot Spots of Predatory Crime: Routine Activities and the Criminology of Place
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used spatial data on 323,979 calls to police over all 115,000 addresses and intersections in Minneapolis over 1 year, showing that crime is both rare (only 3.6% of the city could have had a robbery with no repeat addresses) and concentrated, although the magnitude of concentration varies by offense type.
References
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TL;DR: The Division of Labor as discussed by the authors is one of the cornerstone texts of the sociological canon and has been updated and re-translated in this new edition, the first since 1984, by worldrenowned Durkheim scholar Steven Lukes revisits and revises the original translation to enhance clarity, accuracy, and fluency for the contemporary reader.
Book
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TL;DR: The suicide is one of the least understandable of human behaviours as discussed by the authors, and suicide makes an immense contribution to our understanding to what must surely be the most understandable of acts in human life.
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Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression. II.
James Durbin,G. S. Watson +1 more
TL;DR: The problem of testing the errors for independence forms the subject of this paper and its successor and deals mainly with the theory on which the test is based, while the second paper describes the test procedures in detail and gives tables of bounds to the significance points of the test criterion adopted.