Journal ArticleDOI
Social Outcomes in Mid- to Later Adulthood Among Individuals Diagnosed With Autism and Average Nonverbal IQ as Children
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TLDR
The strongest predictor of adult outcome was the Reciprocal social interaction domain score on the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) at diagnostic confirmation.Abstract:
Objective To describe current social functioning in a clinical sample of 60 adults with autism (mean age = 44 years) who were all of average nonverbal IQ (70+) when first diagnosed (mean age = 6.75 years). Method Outcome measures included standardized diagnostic and cognitive assessments and questionnaires on social functioning. Child and adult variables related to current outcomes were explored. Results All individuals continued to meet criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised (ADI-R), but severity of autism symptoms declined over time. Nevertheless, only 10 individuals (17%) were rated as having a "good" or "very good" outcome; the majority (60%) were assessed as having "poor" or "very poor" outcomes. The strongest predictor of adult outcome was the Reciprocal Social Interaction domain score on the ADI at diagnostic confirmation. Change over time was further examined in a subgroup (n = 44) previously assessed 20 years ago earlier (mean age = 26 years). Although severity of autism had continued to decrease during the adult period, social outcomes were poorer than in younger adulthood. Conclusions In this cohort of adults first diagnosed with autism, on average, 37 years previously, social inclusion remains very limited, despite general improvements in autism symptomatology with age. Whether these findings will be replicated in future generations of children with autism, who now have the benefits of earlier diagnosis and wider access to specialist provision, needs to be the focus of further longitudinal research.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Autism spectrum disorder.
TL;DR: Clinicians can make a difference by providing timely and individualised help to families navigating referrals and access to community support systems, by providing accurate information despite often unfiltered media input, and by anticipating transitions such as family changes and school entry and leaving.
Journal ArticleDOI
Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder.
Tatja Hirvikoski,Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz,Marcus Boman,Henrik Larsson,Paul Lichtenstein,Sven Bölte +5 more
TL;DR: Premature mortality was markedly increased in ASD owing to a multitude of medical conditions and Mortality and patterns for cause-specific mortality were partly moderated by gender and general intellectual ability.
Journal ArticleDOI
What should autism research focus upon? Community views and priorities from the United Kingdom:
TL;DR: There was a clear disparity between the United Kingdom’s pattern of funding for autism research and the priorities articulated by the majority of participants and there needs to be greater involvement of the autism community both in priority setting and in research more broadly.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cognitive, language, social and behavioural outcomes in adults with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review of longitudinal follow-up studies in adulthood.
TL;DR: Childhood IQ and early language ability appeared to be the strongest predictors of later outcome, but few studies examined other early variables associated with adult functioning.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Module 4: Revised Algorithm and Standardized Severity Scores
TL;DR: The current study revises the Module 4 algorithm and calibrates raw overall and domain totals to provide metrics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptom severity and increase comparability of ADOS scores across modules.
References
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Book
Using multivariate statistics
TL;DR: In this Section: 1. Multivariate Statistics: Why? and 2. A Guide to Statistical Techniques: Using the Book Research Questions and Associated Techniques.
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Discovering Statistics Using SPSS
Andy P. Field,Jeremy N.V. Miles +1 more
TL;DR: Suitable for those new to statistics as well as students on intermediate and more advanced courses, the book walks students through from basic to advanced level concepts, all the while reinforcing knowledge through the use of SAS(R).
Journal ArticleDOI
Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders
Dalila Pinto,Alistair T. Pagnamenta,Lambertus Klei,Richard Anney,Daniele Merico,Regina Regan,Judith Conroy,Tiago R. Magalhaes,Tiago R. Magalhaes,Catarina Correia,Catarina Correia,Brett S. Abrahams,Joana Almeida,Elena Bacchelli,Gary D. Bader,Anthony J. Bailey,Gillian Baird,Agatino Battaglia,Tom Berney,Nadia Bolshakova,Sven Bölte,Patrick Bolton,Thomas Bourgeron,Sean Brennan,Jessica Brian,Susan E. Bryson,Andrew R. Carson,Guillermo Casallo,Jillian P. Casey,Brian H.Y. Chung,Lynne E Cochrane,Christina Corsello,Emily L. Crawford,Andrew Crossett,Cheryl Cytrynbaum,Geraldine Dawson,Maretha de Jonge,Richard Delorme,Irene Drmic,Eftichia Duketis,Frederico Duque,Annette Estes,Penny Farrar,Bridget A. Fernandez,Susan E. Folstein,Eric Fombonne,Christine M. Freitag,John Gilbert,Christopher Gillberg,Joseph T. Glessner,Jeremy Goldberg,Andrew Green,Jonathan Green,Stephen J. Guter,Hakon Hakonarson,Elizabeth A. Heron,Matthew Hill,Richard Holt,Jennifer L. Howe,Gillian Hughes,Vanessa Hus,Roberta Igliozzi,Cecilia Kim,Sabine M. Klauck,Alexander Kolevzon,Olena Korvatska,Vlad Kustanovich,Clara Lajonchere,Janine A. Lamb,Magdalena Laskawiec,Marion Leboyer,Ann Le Couteur,Bennett L. Leventhal,Anath C. Lionel,Anath C. Lionel,Xiao-Qing Liu,Catherine Lord,Linda Lotspeich,Sabata C. Lund,Elena Maestrini,William M. Mahoney,Carine Mantoulan,Christian R. Marshall,Helen McConachie,Christopher J. McDougle,Jane McGrath,William M. McMahon,Alison K. Merikangas,Ohsuke Migita,Nancy J. Minshew,Ghazala Mirza,Jeff Munson,Stanley F. Nelson,Carolyn Noakes,Abdul Noor,Gudrun Nygren,Guiomar Oliveira,Katerina Papanikolaou,Jeremy R. Parr,Barbara Parrini,Tara Paton,Andrew Pickles,Marion Pilorge,Joseph Piven,Chris P. Ponting,David J. Posey,Annemarie Poustka,Fritz Poustka,Aparna Prasad,Jiannis Ragoussis,Katy Renshaw,Jessica Rickaby,Wendy Roberts,Kathryn Roeder,Bernadette Rogé,Michael Rutter,Laura J. Bierut,John P. Rice,Jeff Salt,Katherine Sansom,Daisuke Sato,Ricardo Segurado,Ana Filipa Sequeira,Lili Senman,Lili Senman,Naisha Shah,Val C. Sheffield,Latha Soorya,Inês Sousa,Olaf Stein,Nuala Sykes,Vera Stoppioni,Christina Strawbridge,Raffaella Tancredi,Katherine E. Tansey,Bhooma Thiruvahindrapduram,Ann P. Thompson,Susanne Thomson,Ana Tryfon,John Tsiantis,Herman Van Engeland,John B. Vincent,Fred R. Volkmar,Simon Wallace,Kai Wang,Zhouzhi Wang,Thomas H. Wassink,Caleb Webber,Rosanna Weksberg,Kirsty Wing,Kerstin Wittemeyer,Shawn Wood,Jing Wu,Brian L. Yaspan,Danielle Zurawiecki,Lonnie Zwaigenbaum,Joseph D. Buxbaum,Rita M. Cantor,Edwin H. Cook,Hilary Coon,Michael L. Cuccaro,Bernie Devlin,Sean Ennis,Louise Gallagher,Daniel H. Geschwind,Michael Gill,Jonathan L. Haines,Joachim Hallmayer,Judith Miller,Anthony P. Monaco,John I. Nurnberger,Andrew D. Paterson,Margaret A. Pericak-Vance,Gerard D. Schellenberg,Peter Szatmari,Astrid M. Vicente,Veronica J. Vieland,Veronica J. Vieland,Ellen M. Wijsman,Stephen W. Scherer,James S. Sutcliffe,Catalina Betancur +181 more
TL;DR: The genome-wide characteristics of rare (<1% frequency) copy number variation in ASD are analysed using dense genotyping arrays to reveal many new genetic and functional targets in ASD that may lead to final connected pathways.
Journal ArticleDOI
Adult outcome for children with autism
TL;DR: Although outcome for adults with autism has improved over recent years, many remain highly dependent on others for support and more fine-grained research is needed into the childhood variables that are associated with good or poor outcome.