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Journal Article•DOI•

Socio-cultural Adaptation of Second-generation Afghans in Iran

Mohammad Abbasi Shavazi1, Mohammad Abbasi Shavazi2, Rasoul Sadeghi1•
University of Tehran1, Australian National University2
01 Dec 2015-International Migration (Blackwell Publishing Ltd)-Vol. 53, Iss: 6, pp 89-110
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined how second-generation Afghans have adapted to the host society and to what extent their adaptation patterns have correlated with demographic and contextual factors, and they found that women have relatively better access to a gender-equitable environment in Iran than they do in Afghanistan and are less willing to return to their homeland.
Abstract: The long-term settlement of Afghan immigrants in Iran, along with their high fertility, has produced an important shift in the composition of their population with the emergence of a “second generation”. This article aims to examine how second-generation Afghans have adapted to the host society and to what extent their adaptation patterns have correlated with demographic and contextual factors. The data is drawn from the 2010 Afghans Adaptation Survey which covered 520 second-generation Afghans. Results revealed that second-generation Afghans have a variety of adaptation patterns. Integration is the most prevalent pattern of adaptation and acculturation (which is observed among 35.8 per cent of respondents) followed by separation (33.3%), assimilation (17.1%) and marginalization (13.8%). Our multivariate analysis showed that such socio-demographic factors as gender, education, ethnicity, perceived discrimination, family context, neighbourhood characteristics, length and city of residence are associated with their adaptation patterns. Policy Implications Successful implementation of policies and durable solutions for Afghans in Iran rests on the diversity of the adaptation patterns of their second-generation. Restriction on employment opportunities has led to downward assimilation and marginalization of some of the Afghans in Iran. Improvement in labour laws would promote the integration of Afghans in the society. Afghan females have relatively better access to a gender-equitable environment in Iran than they do in Afghanistan, and are less willing to return to their homeland. The Government of Afghanistan should improve service and security provisions for women to ensure their voluntary repatriation.

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Citations
More filters
Book•DOI•
Routledge Handbook of Asian Demography

[...]

Zhongwei Zhao, Adrian C. Hayes
14 Dec 2017

7 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Quality of Life of Afghan Immigrants in Tehran city

[...]

Hossein Mansourian1, Seyed Abbas Rajaei1•
University of Tehran1
01 Apr 2018-International Migration
TL;DR: The most important predictors of immigrants' QoL include indicators of health, security, work status, and income, which are closely interrelated with the main reasons for Afghans' immigration to Iran.
Abstract: By 2015, there were more than two million Afghan immigrants, both legal and illegal, living in Iran. Although, over the recent years, there has been a growing interest among social scientists, policymakers and national and international institutes in investigation of the quality of life (QoL) of immigrants, research on the QoL of Afghan immigrants in Iran is still in its infancy. The present article aims to study the QoL of Afghan immigrants in Iran and identify its influential dimensions and factors. This study relies on a perception survey of 347 Afghan households in Tehran city. Based on the 5-point Likert Scale, the mean of overall life satisfaction of the Afghan immigrants was found as 3.22, which shows satisfactory QoL of Afghan immigrants in Iran. The highest level of satisfaction, with a mean value of 3.96, is related to public transport access followed by satisfaction in social relations with friends, relatives and fellow immigrants living in Iran, and access to cultural centres such as the mosque, library, and cinema. The lowest level of satisfaction, with a mean value of 1.90, was seen at border services like entry and exit from Iran, followed by the Iranian government policy towards Afghan refugees, and saving abilities. In addition, the most important predictors of immigrants' QoL include indicators of health, security, work status, and income, which are closely interrelated with the main reasons for Afghans' immigration to Iran. After immigration to Iran, the QoL status of the immigrants has improved significantly, especially in the fields of security and education; nevertheless, their employment in jobs with low skill and income, along with the decrease in the economic growth of Iran over the recent years, have caused problems for the economic and financial status of the immigrants. The results and findings of this study will be useful for designing and implementing plans and policies necessary to improve QoL of Afghan immigrants in Iran.

7 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Actual and ideal fertility differential among natives, immigrants, and descendants of immigrants in a northeastern state of India

[...]

Nandita Saikia1, Nandita Saikia2, Moradhvaj1, Apala Saha3, Apala Saha1, Utpal Chutia4 •
Jawaharlal Nehru University1, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis2, Banaras Hindu University3, University of Delhi4
01 May 2019-Population Space and Place
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the actual and ideal fertility differential of native and immigrant families in Assam using a primary quantitative survey carried out in 52 villages in five districts of Assam during 2014-2015.
Abstract: Little research has been conducted on the native immigrant fertility differential in low income settings. The objective of our paper is to examine the actual and ideal fertility differential of native and immigrant families in Assam. We used the data from a primary quantitative survey carried out in 52 villages in five districts of Assam during 2014–2015. We performed bivariate analysis and used a multilevel mixed effects linear regression model to analyse the actual and ideal fertility differential by type of village. The average number of children ever born is the lowest in native villages in contrast to the highest average number of children ever born in immigrant villages. The likelihood of having more children is also the highest among women in immigrant villages. However, the effect of religion surpasses the effect of the type of village the women reside in.

5 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Digital divides,the Internet and social media uses among Afghans in Iran

[...]

Qo'chqorova Luiza Olimjon qizi1•
University of Turku1
01 Aug 2022-Technology in Society
TL;DR: In this article , the authors studied Internet and social media uses, digital divides (access, use, and the impact of Internet and Social Media), and digital transnational practices among Afghans in Iran.

5 citations

Monograph•DOI•
How do Shared Experiences of Economic Shocks Impact Refugees and Host Communities? Evidence from Afghan Refugees in Iran

[...]

Mohammad Hoseini, Mahsa Jahan Dideh
27 Jan 2022-World Bank policy research working paper

5 citations

References
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and its Variants

[...]

Alejandro Portes, Min Zhou
01 Nov 1993-Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science
TL;DR: This article introduced the concept of segmented assimilation to describe the diverse possible outcomes of this process of adaptation and used modes of incorporation for developing a typology of vulnerability and resources affecting such outcomes.
Abstract: Post-1965 immigration to the United States has given rise to a vigorous literature focused on adult newcomers. There is, however, a growing new second generation whose prospects of adaptation cannot be gleaned from the experience of their parents or from that of children of European immigrants arriving at the turn of the century. We present data on the contemporary second generation and review the challenges that it confronts in seeking adaptation to American society. The concept of segmented assimilation is introduced to describe the diverse possible outcomes of this process of adaptation. The concept of modes of incorporation is used for developing a typology of vulnerability and resources affecting such outcomes. Empirical case studies illustrate the theory and highlight consequences of the different contextual situations facing today's second generation.

4,616 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Rethinking the concept of acculturation: implications for theory and research.

[...]

Seth J. Schwartz1, Jennifer B. Unger2, Byron L. Zamboanga3, José Szapocznik1•
University of Miami1, Claremont Graduate University2, Smith College3
01 May 2010-American Psychologist
TL;DR: An expanded operationalization of acculturation is needed to address the "immigrant paradox," whereby international migrants with more exposure to the receiving cultural context report poorer mental and physical health outcomes.
Abstract: This article presents an expanded model of acculturation among international migrants and their immediate descendants. Acculturation is proposed as a multidimensional process consisting of the confluence among heritage-cultural and receiving-cultural practices, values, and identifications. The implications of this reconceptualization for the acculturation construct, as well as for its relationship to psychosocial and health outcomes, are discussed. In particular, an expanded operationalization of acculturation is needed to address the "immigrant paradox," whereby international migrants with more exposure to the receiving cultural context report poorer mental and physical health outcomes. We discuss the role of ethnicity, cultural similarity, and discrimination in the acculturation process, offer an operational definition for context of reception, and call for studies on the role that context of reception plays in the acculturation process. The new perspective on acculturation presented in this article is intended to yield a fuller understanding of complex acculturation processes and their relationships to contextual and individual functioning.

1,757 citations

DOI•
Immigrant youth. Acculturation, identity and adaptation

[...]

John W. Berry1, Jean S. Phinney2, David L. Sam3, Paul Vedder4•
Queen's University1, California State University, Los Angeles2, University of Bergen3, Leiden University4
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: In this article, a cluster-analyse forderte vier unterschiedliche Profile of Akkulturationseinstellungen der Jugendlichen with Migrationshintergrund zutage: integrativ, ethnisch, national and diffus.
Abstract: Der Aufsatz ... berichtet uber einige der Hauptergebnisse einer grossen internationalen Studie (ICSEY) zur Akkulturation und Adaption von zugewanderten Jugendlichen im Alter von 13 bis 18 Jahren, die in 13 verschiedenen Aufnahmelandern (einschlieslich Deutschland) leben (n = 5.366). Weiterhin wurde eine Stichprobe von einheimischen (im Original: national) Jugendlichen (n = 2.631) untersucht. Die Analyse geht drei Kernfragen nach: Wie gehen die Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund mit dem Akkulturationsprozess um? Wie gut passen sich die Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund an die Gesellschaft und Schule des Aufnahmelandes an? Bestehen bedeutsame Beziehungen zwischen ihrer Akkulturationseinstellung und ihrer sozialen und schulischen Anpassung? Eine Clusteranalyse forderte vier unterschiedliche Profile von Akkulturationseinstellungen der Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund zutage: integrativ, ethnisch, national und diffus. Eine Faktorenanalyse von funf Adaptionsvariablen lies auf zwei verschiedene Formen der Adaption schliessen: psychisch und soziokulturell. Es zeigten sich substantielle Beziehungen zwischen den Akkulturationseinstellungen der Jugendlichen und ihrer Anpassung. Die Jugendlichen mit einem Integrationsprofil weisen die besten Ergebnisse in Bezug auf psychische (Wohlbefinden) und soziokulturelle (schulische und soziale) Adaption auf, wahrend diejenigen mit einem diffusen Akkulturationseinstellungsprofil die ungunstigsten Ergebnisse erreichen. Dazwischen liegen die Jugendlichen mit einem ethnischen Profil, deren Anpassung in Bezug auf ihr Wohlbefinden recht gut, ihre soziale und schulische Anpassung jedoch schlechter ist. Ebenfalls dazwischen liegen die Jugendlichen mit einem nationalen Profil, deren Adaption in psychischer Hinsicht eher ungunstig ist und in soziokultureller Hinsicht eine leicht negative Tendenz aufweist. Dieses Ergebnismuster konnte durch Strukturgleichungsmodelle weitgehend bestatigt werden. Weiterhin zeigen die Analysen dieser Studie, dass wahrgenommene Diskriminierung sowohl mit psychischer als auch mit sozialer Anpassung negativ zusammen hangt und einen stark segregierenden Effekt auf Migranten hat. Die Schlussfolgerungen der Untersuchung fur das Leben der Jugendlichen in einer Einwanderungsgesellschaft sind klar: Jugendliche mit Migrationshintergrund sollten ermutigt werden, einen Bezug zu ihrer Herkunftskultur zu erhalten und gleichzeitig enge Verbindungen zur Aufnahmegesellschaft aufzubauen. (DIPF/Orig.).

1,501 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Understanding Integration: A Conceptual Framework

[...]

Alastair Ager1, Alison Strang2•
Columbia University1, Queen Margaret University2
01 Jun 2008-Journal of Refugee Studies
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify elements central to perceptions of what constitutes successful integration and propose a framework linking these domains as a tool to foster debate and definition regarding normative conceptions of integration in resettlement settings.
Abstract: Integration has become both a key policy objective related to the resettlement of refugees and other migrants, and a matter of significant public discussion. Coherent policy development and productive public debate are, however, both threatened by the fact that the concept of integration is used with widely differing meanings. Based on review of attempted definitions of the term, related literature and primary fieldwork in settings of refugee settlement in the UK, the paper identifies elements central to perceptions of what constitutes ‘successful’ integration. Key domains of integration are proposed related to four overall themes: achievement and access across the sectors of employment, housing, education and health; assumptions and practice regarding citizenship and rights; processes of social connection within and between groups within the community; and structural barriers to such connection related to language, culture and the local environment. A framework linking these domains is presented as a tool to foster debate and definition regarding normative conceptions of integration in resettlement settings.

1,480 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Immigrant Youth: Acculturation, Identity, and Adaptation

[...]

John W. Berry1, Jean S. Phinney2, David L. Sam3, Paul Vedder4•
Queen's University1, California State University, Los Angeles2, University of Bergen3, Leiden University4
01 Jul 2006-Applied Psychology
TL;DR: In this paper, a large international study of the acculturation and adaptation of immigrant youth (aged 13 to 18 years) who are settled in 13 societies (N= 5,366), as well as a sample of national youth (N = 2,631).
Abstract: Cet article presente plusieurs des principaux resultats d’une grande etude internationale sur l’acculturation et l’adaptation de jeunes immigres (âges de 13 a 18 ans) qui se sont implantes dans treize pays (N = 5,366); il y est adjoint un echantillon de jeunes nationaux (N = 2,631). La recherche s’appuyait sur trois questions centrales: comment les jeunes migrants gerent-ils le processus d’acculturation? Comment parviennent-ils a s’adapter? Et y a-t-il un lien manifeste entre la forme d’acculturation et le succes de l’adaptation? L’analyse en clusters deboucha sur quatre profils d’acculturation: integrateur, ethnique, national et diffus. L’analyse factorielle de cinq variables d’adaptation mit en evidence deux types d’adaptation: psychologique et socioculturel. Il existe une forte relation entre la facon dont les jeunes s’acculturent et leur adaptation: ceux qui presentent un profil integrateur beneficient des meilleurs indicateurs d’adaptations psychologique et socioculturelle alors que ceux souffrant d’un profil diffus ont les pires. Entre les deux, le profil ethnique presente une adaptation psychologique relativement bonne et une adaptation socioculturelle plutot pauvre, tandis que le profil national a une adaptation psychologique relativement pauvre et une adaptation socioculturelle legerement negative. Cette configuration de resultats fut en grande partie retrouvee a travers une modelisation en equation structurelle. Les consequences pour l’implantation des jeunes immigres sont claires: ils devraient etre encourages a preserver l’appartenance a leur culture d’origine tout en etablissant des liens etroits avec la societe d’accueil. This paper reports some of the main findings from a large international study of the acculturation and adaptation of immigrant youth (aged 13 to 18 years) who are settled in 13 societies (N= 5,366), as well as a sample of national youth (N= 2,631). The study was guided by three core questions: How do immigrant youth deal with the process of acculturation? How well do they adapt? Are there important relationships between how they acculturate and how well they adapt? Cluster analysis produced four distinct acculturation profiles: integration, ethnic, national, and diffuse. Factor analysis of five adaptation variables revealed two distinct forms of adaptation: psychological and sociocultural. There were substantial relationships between how youth acculturate and how well they adapt: those with an integration profile had the best psychological and sociocultural adaptation outcomes, while those with a diffuse profile had the worst; in between, those with an ethnic profile had moderately good psychological adaptation but poorer sociocultural adaptation, while those with a national profile had moderately poor psychological adaptation, and slightly negative sociocultural adaptation. This pattern of results was largely replicated using structural equation modeling. Implications for the settlement of immigrant youth are clear: youth should be encouraged to retain both a sense of their own heritage cultural identity, while establishing close ties with the larger national society.

1,476 citations

Trending Questions (1)
What is the relation between gender and employment regulations for Afghan refugees in Iran?

Gender plays a role in Afghan refugees' adaptation in Iran. Restrictions on employment contribute to assimilation and marginalization. Improving labor laws can enhance integration among Afghan refugees.

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