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Journal Article•DOI•

Socio-cultural Adaptation of Second-generation Afghans in Iran

Mohammad Abbasi Shavazi1, Mohammad Abbasi Shavazi2, Rasoul Sadeghi1•
University of Tehran1, Australian National University2
01 Dec 2015-International Migration (Blackwell Publishing Ltd)-Vol. 53, Iss: 6, pp 89-110
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined how second-generation Afghans have adapted to the host society and to what extent their adaptation patterns have correlated with demographic and contextual factors, and they found that women have relatively better access to a gender-equitable environment in Iran than they do in Afghanistan and are less willing to return to their homeland.
Abstract: The long-term settlement of Afghan immigrants in Iran, along with their high fertility, has produced an important shift in the composition of their population with the emergence of a “second generation”. This article aims to examine how second-generation Afghans have adapted to the host society and to what extent their adaptation patterns have correlated with demographic and contextual factors. The data is drawn from the 2010 Afghans Adaptation Survey which covered 520 second-generation Afghans. Results revealed that second-generation Afghans have a variety of adaptation patterns. Integration is the most prevalent pattern of adaptation and acculturation (which is observed among 35.8 per cent of respondents) followed by separation (33.3%), assimilation (17.1%) and marginalization (13.8%). Our multivariate analysis showed that such socio-demographic factors as gender, education, ethnicity, perceived discrimination, family context, neighbourhood characteristics, length and city of residence are associated with their adaptation patterns. Policy Implications Successful implementation of policies and durable solutions for Afghans in Iran rests on the diversity of the adaptation patterns of their second-generation. Restriction on employment opportunities has led to downward assimilation and marginalization of some of the Afghans in Iran. Improvement in labour laws would promote the integration of Afghans in the society. Afghan females have relatively better access to a gender-equitable environment in Iran than they do in Afghanistan, and are less willing to return to their homeland. The Government of Afghanistan should improve service and security provisions for women to ensure their voluntary repatriation.

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Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
"It is good, but I can't afford it …" potential barriers to adequate prenatal care among Afghan women in Iran: a qualitative study in South Tehran.

[...]

Omid Dadras1, Ziba Taghizade2, Fateme Dadras2, Leyla Alizade2, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi2, Masako Ono-Kihara1, Masahiro Kihara1, Takeo Nakayama1 •
Kyoto University1, Tehran University of Medical Sciences2
06 May 2020-BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
TL;DR: Providing an affordable health insurance with adequate coverage of prenatal and delivery services, could reduce the financial burden, facilitate the access, and ensure the maternal and child health in this vulnerable population.
Abstract: An estimated 96% of registered refugees in Iran are Afghan. Almost half of them are young women at the reproductive age. The adequate maternity care is crucial for healthy pregnancy. There is limited knowledge regarding the access and adequacy of maternity care among Afghan women in Iran. The reports from ministry of health (MOH) implicate higher prevalence of perinatal complications in Afghan population. This mainly attributed to the inadequate prenatal care during pregnancy. Therefore, this paper explores the potential barriers to prenatal care among Afghan women in Iran. Using convenience sampling, thirty pregnant Afghan women were recruited at three community health centers with the highest number of Afghan visitors in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews in Persian language using an interview guide. The interviewers were two bilingual Afghan graduate midwifery students. Each interview lasted for an hour. The questions regarding the concerns and experienced obstacles in seeking prenatal care were asked. The interviews were transcribed into original language (Persian) and analyzed using content analysis and further translated back into English. The main themes were extracted grouping the similar codes and categories after careful consideration and consensus between the researchers. The financial constraints and lack of affordable health insurance with adequate coverage of prenatal care services, particularly the diagnostic and screening tests, were the most frequent reported obstacles by Afghan women. In addition, personnel behavior, transportation issues, stigma and discrimination, cultural concerns, legal and immigration issues were also mentioned as the source of disappointment and inadequate utilization of such services. The findings of present study emphasize the necessity of available and most importantly, affordable prenatal care for Afghan women in Iran. Providing an affordable health insurance with adequate coverage of prenatal and delivery services, could reduce the financial burden, facilitate the access, and ensure the maternal and child health in this vulnerable population. The issues of fear and concern of deportation must be removed for at least illegal Afghan mothers to ensure their access to maternity care and improve the health of both mother and offspring.

15 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Immigrant-native fertility differentials: The Afghans in Iran

[...]

Mohammad Abbasi Shavazi1, Graeme Hugo2, Rasoul Sadeghi3, Hossein Mahmoudian3•
Australian National University1, University of Adelaide2, University of Tehran3
28 Jul 2015-Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the fertility differentials of one of the world's largest refugee populations, the Afghans in Iran, in relation to the host population and found that fertility change among Afghans is associated with their adaptation to Iranian society.
Abstract: International migration is increasingly important in shaping national population dynamics, both directly through adding or subtracting people, and indirectly, through the fertility of immigrants. International migrants rarely share the fertility characteristics of either origin or destination populations. However, the relationship between migration and fertility is little understood, especially that relating to refugee populations. This study examined the fertility differentials of one of the world’s largest refugee populations, the Afghans in Iran, in relation to the host population. Based on multivariate analysis, the study demonstrated that Afghan immigrants were moving from a high fertility regime to a low fertility regime. The findings suggest that fertility change among Afghans is associated with their adaptation to Iranian society. The role of education in mediating immigrant–native fertility differentials was also uncovered.

14 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Shifts in Intergenerational Mobility of Indian Immigrant Entrepreneurs

[...]

Meena Chavan1, Lucy Taksa1•
Macquarie University1
01 Feb 2017-International Migration
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the shift in the intergenerational mobility of Indian immigrant entrepreneurs in Australia and report on the differences in the entrepreneurial attitudes of push and pull and the aptitudes of social and human capital between pre 2000 and post 2000 immigrant entrepreneurs.
Abstract: The objective of this article is to examine the shift in the intergenerational mobility of Indian immigrant entrepreneurs in Australia. Based on a qualitative methodology, this article reports on the differences in the entrepreneurial attitudes of push and pull and the aptitudes of social and human capital between pre 2000 and post 2000 immigrant entrepreneurs. The findings suggest that the post 2000 Indian migrant entrepreneurs in Australia are mostly pull motivated, have higher qualifications than the pre 2000 arrivals, speak better English, have professional educational qualifications relevant to their business, and operate predominantly in the service sector. They take fewer years to get into business and are less dependent on immigrant social capital resources than pre 2000 arrivals. The study proposes that, compared with social capital resources, human capital resource have a greater impact on entrepreneurial propensity in the case of second generation Indian migrant entrepreneurs in Australia. Policy Implications This research has implication for Australian immigration policy, labour laws and settlement services of migrants. It recommends successful implementation of policies and durable solutions for Indian immigrants in the labour market in Australia. The Australian Government will be assisted in examining and identifying future options for the intake of temporary and permanent migrants that improve the income, wealth and living standards of Australian citizens, improve the budgets and balance sheets of Australian governments, minimize administration and compliance costs associated with immigration, and provide pathways both for Australian citizens to be altruistic towards foreigners, and for Australia's international responsibilities and obligations to foreign residents to be met. Improvements in the labour laws would promote the effective integration of Indian immigrants into society. Further, Indians in the USA have contributed immensely to the entrepreneurial spirit due to the government support for migrant SMEs and the small business venture funds. The Australian government can replicate this policy, reduce restriction on employment opportunities and enhance entrepreneurship for all migrants.

9 citations

Book Chapter•DOI•
Family Dynamics in the Context of Forced Migration

[...]

Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi1, Hossein Mahmoudian1, Rasoul Sadeghi1•
University of Tehran1
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the impacts of refugee and forced migration on family formation and dynamics have been examined, and the degree to which family is influenced prior to, during, and after an involuntary move is discussed.
Abstract: Most migration researchers have focused their attention either at the aggregate (community/state/national) – or alternatively at the individual level in studying patterns, causes and consequences of the move. However, there has been a major shift in recent demographic studies by considering family and household as the unit of analysis. This chapter examines the impacts of refugee and forced migration on family formation and dynamics. In doing so, the chapter identifies various aspects of family that are affected by forced movements. The degree to which family is influenced prior to, during, and after an involuntary move is discussed. Various hypotheses on the relationship between forced migration and family change are elaborated. The demographic data needed for the analysis of family change in each of these stages are assessed, and the gaps in the information and data are presented. An illustration of the impact of forced migration on family dynamics will be made using the data on Afghan refugees in Iran. Having reviewed the research on forced migration and family, the current status and future direction of research on the topic are proposed.

8 citations

Dissertation•
Securitizaton of migration: the case of the Afghan refugees in the Islamic Republic of Iran

[...]

Başaran Ayar
01 Sep 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the history of the migration of Afghans to Iran, and present a theoretical framework for case selection and case selection for the case of a case in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Abstract: .......................................................................................................... iii ÖZET ...................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ xii CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Concepts and Terminology ............................................................................. 2 1.2 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................. 4 1.3 Methodology and Case Selection.................................................................... 7 1.4 The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Afghan Refugees .................................. 9 1.5 Chapter breakdown ...................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER II ......................................................................................................... 13 2.1 History of Afghan Migration to Iran ............................................................. 14 2.2 1978-1979: Crucial Years of Change ............................................................ 17

8 citations

Cites background from "Socio-cultural Adaptation of Second..."

  • ...After the fall of Taliban in late 2001, migration caused by security concerns decreased but in contrast to this, the economic migration increased after 2004 (Abbasi-Shavazi & Sadeghi, 2014, p. 91)....

    [...]

  • ...The IRI also built some 15.000 new classrooms for these children (AFP, 2017; Abbasi-Shavazi & Sadeghi, 2014)....

    [...]

  • ...This new influx is notable for the economic migration of the Afghanistan’s urban, educated middle class (Abbasi-Shavazi & Sadeghi, 2014, p. 91)....

    [...]

  • ...Economic measures for securitizing Afghan migration to Iran are significant, considering the fact that financial concerns are one of the major motivations for Afghans to migrate to Iran (Abbasi-Shavazi & Sadeghi, 2014)....

    [...]

References
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
Segmented assimilation: issues, controversies, and recent research on the new second generation.

[...]

Min Zhou1•
University of California, Los Angeles1
01 Jan 1997-International Migration Review
TL;DR: The issues and controversies surrounding the development of the segmented assimilation theory are examined and the state of recent empirical research relevant to this theoretical approach is reviewed.
Abstract: The segmented assimilation theory offers a theoretical framework for understanding the process by which the new second generation – the children of contemporary immigrants – becomes incorporated in

1,413 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Towards an Interactive Acculturation Model: A Social Psychological Approach

[...]

Richard Y. Bourhis1, Léna Céline Moïse1, Stéphane Perreault1, Sacha Senécal1•
Université du Québec à Montréal1
01 Dec 1997-International Journal of Psychology
TL;DR: The Interactive Acculturation Model (IAM) as mentioned in this paper proposes that relational outcomes are the product of the acculturation orientations of both the host majority and immigrant groups as influenced by state integration policies.
Abstract: The first part of this paper proposes a continuum of ideological premises that seeks to account for the broad range of immigrant integration policies adopted by Western democratic states. In the second part, a review of Social Psychological models of immigrant acculturation strategies demonstrates the need to explain more clearly the interactive nature of immigrant and host community relations. The Interactive Acculturation Model (IAM) presented next proposes that relational outcomes are the product of the acculturation orientations of both the host majority and immigrant groups as influenced by state integration policies. The model makes predictions regarding the acculturation combinations most likely to produce consensual, problematic, and conflictual relational outcomes between immigrants and members of the host community. Social psychological research is needed to test the validity of the IAM model empirically. La premiere partie de cet article propose un continuum des premisses ideologiques qui anime...

1,281 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Acculturation and Adaptation in a New Society

[...]

John W. Berry1•
Queen's University1
01 Jun 1992-International Migration

970 citations

Book Chapter•DOI•
Second-Generation Decline: Scenarios for the Economic and Ethnic Futures of the Post-1965 American Immigrants

[...]

Herbert J. Gans1•
Columbia University1
01 Apr 1992-Ethnic and Racial Studies
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss economic scenarios, positive and negative, for the future of the children of the post-1965 immigrants, and propose the possibility that a significant number of children of poor immigrants, especially dark-skinned ones, might not obtain jobs in the mainstream economy, neither will they be willing or able to take low-wage-long-hour "immigrant" jobs like their parents.
Abstract: ‘Second-Generation Decline’ questions the current American faith in the myth of nearly automatic immigrant success. In discussing economic scenarios, positive and negative, for the future of the children of the post-1965 immigrants, it proposes the possibility that a significant number of the children of poor immigrants, especially dark-skinned ones, might not obtain jobs in the mainstream economy. Neither will they be willing — or even able — to take low-wage-long-hour ‘immigrant’ jobs like their parents. As a result they, and young males among them particularly, may join blacks and Hispanics among those already excluded, apparently permanently, from the mainstream economy. The paper also deals with the relations between ethnicity and economic conditions in the US, and with the continued relevance of the assimilation and acculturation processes described by ‘straight-line theory’. This issue, as well as most others discussed in the paper, may also be salient for European countries experiencing immigration, especially those countries with troubled economies.

792 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Measuring Acculturation: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go:

[...]

Leopoldo J. Cabassa1•
University of Washington1
01 May 2003-Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences
TL;DR: This paper examined the most prominent theoretical models and assumptions that drive acculturation measures and discussed the strengths and limitations of two bidimensional measures, namely, the Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (BAS) and the Adjustment Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-Revised (ARSMA-II).
Abstract: Acculturation measures intend to capture the psychological, behavioral, and attitudinal changes that occur when individuals and groups from different cultures come into continuous contact with each other. This article examines the most prominent theoretical models and assumptions that drive acculturation measures. Examples of Hispanic acculturation measures are used to illustrate how these theoretical foundations are applied in empirical measures. Particular emphasis is given to discussing the strengths and limitations of two bidimensional measures, the Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (BAS) and the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-Revised (ARSMA-II). Recommendations for improving these measures are presented. Moving beyond proxy measures, improving the operationalization of acculturation indicators, and incorporating theoretical models, as well as contextual variables, are the key recommendations presented for improving measures of acculturation.

578 citations

Trending Questions (1)
What is the relation between gender and employment regulations for Afghan refugees in Iran?

Gender plays a role in Afghan refugees' adaptation in Iran. Restrictions on employment contribute to assimilation and marginalization. Improving labor laws can enhance integration among Afghan refugees.

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