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Journal ArticleDOI

Socio-cultural Adaptation of Second-generation Afghans in Iran

01 Dec 2015-International Migration (Blackwell Publishing Ltd)-Vol. 53, Iss: 6, pp 89-110
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined how second-generation Afghans have adapted to the host society and to what extent their adaptation patterns have correlated with demographic and contextual factors, and they found that women have relatively better access to a gender-equitable environment in Iran than they do in Afghanistan and are less willing to return to their homeland.
Abstract: The long-term settlement of Afghan immigrants in Iran, along with their high fertility, has produced an important shift in the composition of their population with the emergence of a “second generation”. This article aims to examine how second-generation Afghans have adapted to the host society and to what extent their adaptation patterns have correlated with demographic and contextual factors. The data is drawn from the 2010 Afghans Adaptation Survey which covered 520 second-generation Afghans. Results revealed that second-generation Afghans have a variety of adaptation patterns. Integration is the most prevalent pattern of adaptation and acculturation (which is observed among 35.8 per cent of respondents) followed by separation (33.3%), assimilation (17.1%) and marginalization (13.8%). Our multivariate analysis showed that such socio-demographic factors as gender, education, ethnicity, perceived discrimination, family context, neighbourhood characteristics, length and city of residence are associated with their adaptation patterns. Policy Implications Successful implementation of policies and durable solutions for Afghans in Iran rests on the diversity of the adaptation patterns of their second-generation. Restriction on employment opportunities has led to downward assimilation and marginalization of some of the Afghans in Iran. Improvement in labour laws would promote the integration of Afghans in the society. Afghan females have relatively better access to a gender-equitable environment in Iran than they do in Afghanistan, and are less willing to return to their homeland. The Government of Afghanistan should improve service and security provisions for women to ensure their voluntary repatriation.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Providing an affordable health insurance with adequate coverage of prenatal and delivery services, could reduce the financial burden, facilitate the access, and ensure the maternal and child health in this vulnerable population.
Abstract: An estimated 96% of registered refugees in Iran are Afghan. Almost half of them are young women at the reproductive age. The adequate maternity care is crucial for healthy pregnancy. There is limited knowledge regarding the access and adequacy of maternity care among Afghan women in Iran. The reports from ministry of health (MOH) implicate higher prevalence of perinatal complications in Afghan population. This mainly attributed to the inadequate prenatal care during pregnancy. Therefore, this paper explores the potential barriers to prenatal care among Afghan women in Iran. Using convenience sampling, thirty pregnant Afghan women were recruited at three community health centers with the highest number of Afghan visitors in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews in Persian language using an interview guide. The interviewers were two bilingual Afghan graduate midwifery students. Each interview lasted for an hour. The questions regarding the concerns and experienced obstacles in seeking prenatal care were asked. The interviews were transcribed into original language (Persian) and analyzed using content analysis and further translated back into English. The main themes were extracted grouping the similar codes and categories after careful consideration and consensus between the researchers. The financial constraints and lack of affordable health insurance with adequate coverage of prenatal care services, particularly the diagnostic and screening tests, were the most frequent reported obstacles by Afghan women. In addition, personnel behavior, transportation issues, stigma and discrimination, cultural concerns, legal and immigration issues were also mentioned as the source of disappointment and inadequate utilization of such services. The findings of present study emphasize the necessity of available and most importantly, affordable prenatal care for Afghan women in Iran. Providing an affordable health insurance with adequate coverage of prenatal and delivery services, could reduce the financial burden, facilitate the access, and ensure the maternal and child health in this vulnerable population. The issues of fear and concern of deportation must be removed for at least illegal Afghan mothers to ensure their access to maternity care and improve the health of both mother and offspring.

15 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the fertility differentials of one of the world's largest refugee populations, the Afghans in Iran, in relation to the host population and found that fertility change among Afghans is associated with their adaptation to Iranian society.
Abstract: International migration is increasingly important in shaping national population dynamics, both directly through adding or subtracting people, and indirectly, through the fertility of immigrants. International migrants rarely share the fertility characteristics of either origin or destination populations. However, the relationship between migration and fertility is little understood, especially that relating to refugee populations. This study examined the fertility differentials of one of the world’s largest refugee populations, the Afghans in Iran, in relation to the host population. Based on multivariate analysis, the study demonstrated that Afghan immigrants were moving from a high fertility regime to a low fertility regime. The findings suggest that fertility change among Afghans is associated with their adaptation to Iranian society. The role of education in mediating immigrant–native fertility differentials was also uncovered.

14 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the shift in the intergenerational mobility of Indian immigrant entrepreneurs in Australia and report on the differences in the entrepreneurial attitudes of push and pull and the aptitudes of social and human capital between pre 2000 and post 2000 immigrant entrepreneurs.
Abstract: The objective of this article is to examine the shift in the intergenerational mobility of Indian immigrant entrepreneurs in Australia. Based on a qualitative methodology, this article reports on the differences in the entrepreneurial attitudes of push and pull and the aptitudes of social and human capital between pre 2000 and post 2000 immigrant entrepreneurs. The findings suggest that the post 2000 Indian migrant entrepreneurs in Australia are mostly pull motivated, have higher qualifications than the pre 2000 arrivals, speak better English, have professional educational qualifications relevant to their business, and operate predominantly in the service sector. They take fewer years to get into business and are less dependent on immigrant social capital resources than pre 2000 arrivals. The study proposes that, compared with social capital resources, human capital resource have a greater impact on entrepreneurial propensity in the case of second generation Indian migrant entrepreneurs in Australia. Policy Implications This research has implication for Australian immigration policy, labour laws and settlement services of migrants. It recommends successful implementation of policies and durable solutions for Indian immigrants in the labour market in Australia. The Australian Government will be assisted in examining and identifying future options for the intake of temporary and permanent migrants that improve the income, wealth and living standards of Australian citizens, improve the budgets and balance sheets of Australian governments, minimize administration and compliance costs associated with immigration, and provide pathways both for Australian citizens to be altruistic towards foreigners, and for Australia's international responsibilities and obligations to foreign residents to be met. Improvements in the labour laws would promote the effective integration of Indian immigrants into society. Further, Indians in the USA have contributed immensely to the entrepreneurial spirit due to the government support for migrant SMEs and the small business venture funds. The Australian government can replicate this policy, reduce restriction on employment opportunities and enhance entrepreneurship for all migrants.

9 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the impacts of refugee and forced migration on family formation and dynamics have been examined, and the degree to which family is influenced prior to, during, and after an involuntary move is discussed.
Abstract: Most migration researchers have focused their attention either at the aggregate (community/state/national) – or alternatively at the individual level in studying patterns, causes and consequences of the move. However, there has been a major shift in recent demographic studies by considering family and household as the unit of analysis. This chapter examines the impacts of refugee and forced migration on family formation and dynamics. In doing so, the chapter identifies various aspects of family that are affected by forced movements. The degree to which family is influenced prior to, during, and after an involuntary move is discussed. Various hypotheses on the relationship between forced migration and family change are elaborated. The demographic data needed for the analysis of family change in each of these stages are assessed, and the gaps in the information and data are presented. An illustration of the impact of forced migration on family dynamics will be made using the data on Afghan refugees in Iran. Having reviewed the research on forced migration and family, the current status and future direction of research on the topic are proposed.

8 citations

Dissertation
01 Sep 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the history of the migration of Afghans to Iran, and present a theoretical framework for case selection and case selection for the case of a case in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Abstract: .......................................................................................................... iii ÖZET ...................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ xii CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Concepts and Terminology ............................................................................. 2 1.2 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................. 4 1.3 Methodology and Case Selection.................................................................... 7 1.4 The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Afghan Refugees .................................. 9 1.5 Chapter breakdown ...................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER II ......................................................................................................... 13 2.1 History of Afghan Migration to Iran ............................................................. 14 2.2 1978-1979: Crucial Years of Change ............................................................ 17

8 citations


Cites background from "Socio-cultural Adaptation of Second..."

  • ...After the fall of Taliban in late 2001, migration caused by security concerns decreased but in contrast to this, the economic migration increased after 2004 (Abbasi-Shavazi & Sadeghi, 2014, p. 91)....

    [...]

  • ...The IRI also built some 15.000 new classrooms for these children (AFP, 2017; Abbasi-Shavazi & Sadeghi, 2014)....

    [...]

  • ...This new influx is notable for the economic migration of the Afghanistan’s urban, educated middle class (Abbasi-Shavazi & Sadeghi, 2014, p. 91)....

    [...]

  • ...Economic measures for securitizing Afghan migration to Iran are significant, considering the fact that financial concerns are one of the major motivations for Afghans to migrate to Iran (Abbasi-Shavazi & Sadeghi, 2014)....

    [...]

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper found that those who involve themselves in both their heritage culture and that of the national society (by way of integration) have the most positive psychological well-being, and are most adjusted in school and in the community; in contrast, those who are minimally involved with either culture (the marginalisation course), are least well-adapted; and those who orient towards one or the other culture (assimilation or separation) generally fall in between these two adaptation poles.

368 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study strongly support the predicted effects of exogenous variables identified by segmented assimilation theory and identify the intervening factors during adolescence that mediate their influence on adult outcomes.
Abstract: This paper summarises a research programme on the new immigrant second generation initiated in the early 1990s and completed in 2006. The four field waves of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) are described and the main theoretical models emerging from it are presented and graphically summarised. After considering critical views of this theory, we present the most recent results from this longitudinal research programme in the form of quantitative models predicting downward assimilation in early adulthood and qualitative interviews identifying ways for the disadvantaged children of immigrants to escape it. Quantitative results strongly support the predicted effects of exogenous variables identified by segmented assimilation theory and identify the intervening factors during adolescence that mediate their influence on adult outcomes. Qualitative evidence gathered during the last stage of the study points to three factors that can lead to exceptional educational achievement among disadvantaged youths, and which indicate the positive influence of selective acculturation. Finally, the implications of these findings for theory and policy are discussed.

347 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results from the third wave of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) as mentioned in this paper showed that the second generation adaptation process in early adulthood is similar to that of the first generation.
Abstract: This Special Issue presents original results from the third wave of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study [CILS], a decade-old panel that followed a large sample of second-generation youths from early adolescence to early adulthood. The issue contains results of the third survey, conducted in 2001–2003 as members of the panel had reached an average age of 24. This introduction provides evidence of the importance of the topic, describes the methodology of the study, and summarizes the contents of the issue. The following articles examine different aspects of the second-generation adaptation process in early adulthood and tests alternative hypotheses on the forms of the process and its determinants.

299 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the importance of gender for understanding different aspects of family functioning and find that conditions associated with immigration and settlement in the receiving society may challenge expectations about gender-related roles, resulting in the renegotiation of these roles in immigrant families.
Abstract: The study of immigration and immigrants’ experiences benefits from examining the contribution of gender. In this article, we focus on the importance of gender for understanding different aspects of family functioning. Conditions associated with immigration and settlement in the receiving society may challenge expectations about gender-related roles, resulting in the renegotiation of these roles in immigrant families. Also, there is evidence of different socialization demands on daughters compared to sons in immigrant families, a difference that has potential implications not only for parent-child relationships, but also for the development of ethnocultural identity among adolescents and young adults.

289 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper developed a multidimensional, multicultural acculturation measure for adolescents, the Acculturation, Habits, and Interests Multicultural Scale for Adolescents (AHIMSA).
Abstract: Acculturation has been associated with adolescent health-risk behaviors. Most acculturation scales are inappropriate for adolescent surveys because they are too long, are not applicable to differing ethnic groups, or are language-based only. A brief, multidimensional, multicultural acculturation measure for adolescents was developed. Sixthgrade students (N = 317) in Los Angeles completed that scale and other measures of acculturation. The Acculturation, Habits, and Interests Multicultural Scale for Adolescents (AHIMSA) generates four subscores: United States Orientation (Assimilation), Other Country Orientation (Separation), Both Countries Orientation (Integration), and Neither Country Orientation (Marginalization). Three of the subscales were correlated with the subscales of a modified Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican-Americans-II, with English language usage, and with generation in the United States providing evidence for the validity of the scale. Research on culturally diverse adolescent samples...

253 citations