Socio-economic determinants of mortality in Taiwan: combining individual and aggregate data.
TL;DR: The evidence is found to support the absolute income hypothesis but not income inequality hypothesis in the case of the general population, and strong evidence that education does have significant effects on individuals' health and the estimates are not sensitive to income equivalent scales.
About: This article is published in Health Policy.The article was published on 2011-01-01. It has received 8 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Income distribution & Absolute income hypothesis.
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TL;DR: One-year exposures to traffic-related air pollution were associated with lower eGFR, higher CKD prevalence, and increased risk of CKD progression among the elderly population and air pollution-related impaired renal function was stronger in non-CKD and non-diabetic subjects.
78 citations
Cites background from "Socio-economic determinants of mort..."
...Some studies have found insignificant effects on individuals' health by income equivalent scales in Taiwan since the implementation of National Health Insurance in 1995, particularly among the retired elderly (Leon-Gonzalez and Tseng, 2011; Hsiao and Cheng, 2013)....
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TL;DR: One-year exposures to PM 10, PM2.5–10, PM 2.5 absorbance, and NOx were associated with higher diastolic BP in elderly residents of Taipei, and one-year air pollution exposures were not associated with hypertension.
Abstract: BackgroundLimited information is available regarding long-term effects of air pollution on blood pressure (BP) and hypertension.ObjectiveWe studied whether 1-year exposures to particulate matter (P...
64 citations
TL;DR: The authors showed that the relationship between income inequality and life expectancy can be explained entirely by the aggregation effect and there is no evidence that income inequality itself is a health hazard, and applied it to data from the Human Development Report.
Abstract: In this paper, we show a simple correction for the aggregation effect when testing the relationship between income inequality and life expectancy using aggregated data. While there is evidence for a negative correlation between income inequality and a population’s average life expectancy, it is not clear whether this is due to an aggregation effect based on a non-linear relationship between income and life expectancy or to income inequality being a health hazard in itself. The proposed correction method is general and independent of measures of income inequality, functional form assumptions of the health production function, and assumptions on the income distribution. We apply it to data from the Human Development Report and find that the relationship between income inequality and life expectancy can be explained entirely by the aggregation effect. Hence, there is no evidence that income inequality itself is a health hazard.
12 citations
Dissertation•
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the influence of socio-economic factors on the life satisfaction of individuals residing in different townships in Southern Gauteng in South Africa, and found that there was dissatisfaction with life in Sebokeng and Sicelo with respondents from Sharpville showing slightly higher levels of life satisfaction.
Abstract: Life satisfaction within various South African contexts remains an important subject for both management and research practitioners. This importance emanates from the view that life satisfaction is an enduring indicator of both social and economic stability in a country. High levels of life satisfaction indicate the prevalence of prosperity in various domains of life, whereas low satisfaction with life gives a signal of instability within the same domains. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of socio-economic factors on the life satisfaction of individuals residing in different townships in Southern Gauteng. Impetus for conducting the study was derived from the growing significance of the subject of life satisfaction as well as the existence of several research gaps within the South African context. Twelve socio-economic constructs were identified for the purpose of this research, namely educational level, marital status, health, per capita income, employment status, rural/urban residence, household size, religion, age, public services, poverty and gender. Hypotheses were put forward outlining the possible nature of the interplay between each socio-economic factor and life satisfaction.
The study was conducted by means of a quantitative research design using the cross sectional survey approach. Respondents were composed of 298 individuals drawn from Sebokeng, 285 individuals drawn from Sharpville and 402 individuals from Sicelo townships, which are all located in Southern Gauteng. Respondents were selected using the non-probability convenience sampling technique. A three section measurement instrument was developed and administered to the respondents in November 2014. Data were analysed using the Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 22.0). The analyses of demographic profiles of respondents and the levels of life satisfaction in the three townships were conducted using simple descriptive statistics and the mean score ranking technique. Hypotheses were tested using multiple regression analysis. The results of the study revealed that there was dissatisfaction with life in Sebokeng and Sicelo, with respondents from Sharpville showing slightly higher levels of life satisfaction. Hypotheses tests using regression analyses revealed both orthodox and heterodox trajectories. On the orthodox front, the influence of education, health, employment, religion and the provision of public services on life satisfaction was consistent with conventionally accepted trends as these emerged as statistically significant in predicting life satisfaction. The results also disclosed that economic deprivation and larger household size exerts a negative influence on life satisfaction. On the heterodox side of the equation, the results revealed that marital status and gender did not predict life satisfaction across the three townships. In addition, it emerged that life satisfaction decreased with age, depicting that younger people were more satisfied with life than the elderly and this pattern was…
11 citations
TL;DR: Independent of income, income inequality was positively associated with nonmedical mortality rates at a low level of spatial aggregation, indicating the consistent harms of social disharmony.
11 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: This is the essential companion to Jeffrey Wooldridge's widely-used graduate text Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (MIT Press, 2001).
Abstract: The second edition of this acclaimed graduate text provides a unified treatment of two methods used in contemporary econometric research, cross section and data panel methods. By focusing on assumptions that can be given behavioral content, the book maintains an appropriate level of rigor while emphasizing intuitive thinking. The analysis covers both linear and nonlinear models, including models with dynamics and/or individual heterogeneity. In addition to general estimation frameworks (particular methods of moments and maximum likelihood), specific linear and nonlinear methods are covered in detail, including probit and logit models and their multivariate, Tobit models, models for count data, censored and missing data schemes, causal (or treatment) effects, and duration analysis. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data was the first graduate econometrics text to focus on microeconomic data structures, allowing assumptions to be separated into population and sampling assumptions. This second edition has been substantially updated and revised. Improvements include a broader class of models for missing data problems; more detailed treatment of cluster problems, an important topic for empirical researchers; expanded discussion of "generalized instrumental variables" (GIV) estimation; new coverage (based on the author's own recent research) of inverse probability weighting; a more complete framework for estimating treatment effects with panel data, and a firmly established link between econometric approaches to nonlinear panel data and the "generalized estimating equation" literature popular in statistics and other fields. New attention is given to explaining when particular econometric methods can be applied; the goal is not only to tell readers what does work, but why certain "obvious" procedures do not. The numerous included exercises, both theoretical and computer-based, allow the reader to extend methods covered in the text and discover new insights.
28,298 citations
09 May 2005
TL;DR: This chapter discusses models for making pseudo-random draw, which combines asymptotic theory, Bayesian methods, and ML and NLS estimation with real-time data structures.
Abstract: This book provides the most comprehensive treatment to date of microeconometrics, the analysis of individual-level data on the economic behavior of individuals or firms using regression methods for cross section and panel data. The book is oriented to the practitioner. A basic understanding of the linear regression model with matrix algebra is assumed. The text can be used for a microeconometrics course, typically a second-year economics PhD course; for data-oriented applied microeconometrics field courses; and as a reference work for graduate students and applied researchers who wish to fill in gaps in their toolkit. Distinguishing features of the book include emphasis on nonlinear models and robust inference, simulation-based estimation, and problems of complex survey data. The book makes frequent use of numerical examples based on generated data to illustrate the key models and methods. More substantially, it systematically integrates into the text empirical illustrations based on seven large and exceptionally rich data sets.
8,189 citations
"Socio-economic determinants of mort..." refers background in this paper
...hitk = ̨k + ˇ1Iitk + ˇ2I(2) itk + εitk (4)...
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...(4) defines the true relationship between health and income, a regression of d Gini Coefficient....
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Book•
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss diagnostic checking, model selection, and specification testing for Econometrics, including Diagnostic Checking, Model Selection, and Specification Testing, as well as a discussion of nonlinear regression, models of expectations, and nonnormality errors in Variables.
Abstract: Foreword Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the Third Edition Obituary INTRODUCTION AND THE LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL What is Econometrics? Statistical Background and Matrix Algebra Simple Regression *Multiple Regression VIOLATION OF THE ASSUMPTIONS OF THE BASIC MODEL *Heteroskedasticity *Autocorrelation Multicollinearity *Dummy Variables and Truncated Variables Simultaneous Equations Models Nonlinear Regression, Models of Expectations, and Nonnormality Errors in Variables SPECIAL TOPICS Diagnostic Checking, Model Selection, and Specification Testing *Introduction to Time--Series Analysis Vector Autoregressions, Unit Roots, and Cointegration *Panel Data Analysis *Large--Sample Theory *Small--Sample Inference: Resampling Methods Appendix A: *Data Sets Appendix B:* Data Sets on the Web Appendix C:* Computer Programs Index
3,694 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: Unhealthy Societies as mentioned in this paper shows that social cohesion is crucial to the quality of life in the USA, Britain, Japan and Eastern Europe, and brings together evidence from the social and medical sciences.
Abstract: Among the developed countries it is not the richest societies which have the best health, but those which have the smallest income differences between rich and poor. Inequality and relative poverty have absolute effects: they increase death rates. But why? How can smaller income differences raise average life expectancy?Using examples from the USA, Britain, Japan and Eastern Europe, and bringing together evidence from the social and medical sciences, Unhealthy Socities provides the explanation. Healthy, egalitarian societies are more socially cohesive. They have a stronger community life and suffer fewer of the corrosive effects of inequality. As well as inequality weakening the social fabric, damaging health and increasing crime rates, Unhealthy Societies shows that social cohesion is crucial to the quality of life.The contrast between the material success and social failure of modern societies marks an imbalance which needs attention. The relationship between health and equality suggests that important social needs will go unmet without a larger measure of social and distributive justice. This path-breaking book is essential reading for health psychologists, sociologists, welfare economists, social policy analysts and all those concerned with the future of developed societies.
3,190 citations
Additional excerpts
..., and Wilkinson, R. G. (1991). Income and health....
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TL;DR: Data from this cross-sectional ecologic study support the notion that income inequality leads to increased mortality via disinvestment in social capital.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have demonstrated that income inequality is related to mortality rates. It was hypothesized, in this study, that income inequality is related to reduction in social cohesion and that disinvestment in social capital is in turn associated with increased mortality. METHODS: In this cross-sectional ecologic study based on data from 39 states, social capital was measured by weighted responses to two items from the General Social Survey: per capita density of membership in voluntary groups in each state and level of social trust, as gauged by the proportion of residents in each state who believed that people could be trusted. Age-standardized total and cause-specific mortality rates in 1990 were obtained for each state. RESULTS: Income inequality was strongly correlated with both per capita group membership (r = -.46) and lack of social trust (r = .76). In turn, both social trust and group membership were associated with total mortality, as well as rates of death from coronary heart d...
3,155 citations