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Socio-economic differentials in intergenerational educational mobility among women in India
04 Oct 2016-
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated intergenerational educational mobility for women (15-49 years) (vis-a-vis their mothers) and used mobility matrices/measures for the estimation.
Abstract: A few studies have related daughters’ education to their fathers in India but there is little to no evidence when it comes to intergenerational relation between daughters and mothers’ education. Using India Human Development Survey 2011-12, we investigate intergenerational educational mobility for women (15-49 years) (vis-a-vis their mothers). We have used mobility matrices/measures for the estimation. Findings indicate that intergenerational educational mobility at the all-India level is about 0.69, that is, 69% of the women acquire a level of education different from their mothers. Of the overall mobility, about 80% is contributed by upwards mobility whereas the rest is downwards. Mobility is greater in urban areas and is highest among the socially advantaged “Others” (or upper) caste group. Also, the upwards component is substantially lower for socially disadvantaged groups compared to Others. Further, there are large inter-regional variations, with situation being worst in the central and eastern regions which comprise of the underdeveloped states of India. Moreover, mobility (overall and upwards) increases consistently as one move up the income distribution. Furthermore, income is not able to neutralize the caste based gaps in overall mobility as overall mobility among the Others of the poorest income group is more than the overall mobility among Scheduled Castes/Tribes of the richest income group.
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01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: The position of women in society throughout the world is shaped by cultural beliefs, rituals, folklores, traditions and social organizat ions as mentioned in this paper. But the status of women is mostly described from the ascribed one not from achieved one.
Abstract: The position of the women in society throughout the world is shaped by cultural beliefs, rituals, folklores, traditions and social organizat ions. The status of women is mostly described from the ascribed one not from achieved one. Women are still struggling to have their own identity and individual status. Our Indian Constitu tion is firmly grounded in the principles of liberty, fraternity, equality and justice. It empha sizes freedom for all and contains a number of provisions for the empowerment of women. Women’s right to equality and nondiscrimination are guaranteed under the constitutio n. India has reaffirmed its commitment to women by ratifying the United Nations Conventions. Development in India and its states has not been equitable and men and women have benefited differently from development and progress, be it in the economic or on the political front. On the political, economic, educational and social front, women have lagged behind not because they are not capable but because they have been deniedopportunities even to survive. Before Independence large expansion of the education of girls was brought abo ut between 1870-71 and 1881-82. The Indian education commission of 1882 remarked, “Female education is still in an extremely backward condition and needs to be fostered in ever y legitimate way”. In colonial times various commissions (Calcutta university commission of 1917, Sargent Report, 1944) favored the policies for women but in an independent Indian the policies and programmes were directed towards enhancing the status of the women by bringing them in the ambit of compulsory education. This paperfocusses on the educational policies in higher education directed towards women development in colonial India and in Independent India.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that unearned income in the hands of a mother has a bigger effect on her family's health than income under the control of a father; for child survival probabilities the effect is almost twenty times bigger.
Abstract: If household income is pooled and then allocated to maximize welfare then income under the control of mothers and fathers should have the same impact on demand. With survey data on family health and nutrition in Brazil, the equality of parental income effects is rejected. Unearned income in the hands of a mother has a bigger effect on her family's health than income under the control of a father; for child survival probabilities the effect is almost twenty times bigger. The common preference (or neoclassical) model of the household is rejected. If unearned income is measured with error and income is pooled then the ratio of maternal to paternal income effects should be the same; equality of the ratios cannot be rejected. There is also evidence for gender preference: mothers prefer to devote resources to improving the nutritional status of their daughters, fathers to sons.
2,012 citations
Book•
01 Jun 2009
TL;DR: The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) as mentioned in this paper was originally created to provide relief for children in countries devastated by the destruction of World War II, and in 1965, it was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for its humanitarian efforts.
Abstract: The United Nations Children's Fund, or UNICEF, was originally created to provide relief for children in countries devastated by the destruction of World War II. After 1950, UNICEF turned to focus on general programs for the improvement of children's welfare worldwide, and in 1965, it was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for its humanitarian efforts. The organization concentrates on areas in which relatively small expenditures can have a significant impact on the lives of the most disadvantaged children in developing countries, such as the prevention and treatment of disease, child healthcare, malnutrition, illiteracy, and other welfare services.
1,156 citations
"Socio-economic differentials in int..." refers background in this paper
...Also, the benefits of girls’ education extend to their own children who are often healthier and more educated because their mothers went to school (UNICEF 2015)....
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...Of late research, has shown that, if a mother is educated it has substantial effect on education, health and other aspects of development of children (UNICEF 2015)....
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...Existing evidence shows that, on an average, each additional year of education boosts a person’s income by 10 per cent and increases a country’s gross domestic product (GDP) by 18 per cent (UNICEF 2015)....
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01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: The authors explored the concept of equality of opportunity, particularly as it has been frequently used in the sociology of education, and used it as an explanatory concept when discussing class differences in access to privileged educational institutions.
Abstract: This article explores the concept of equality of opportunity, particularly as it has been frequently used in the sociology of education. As well as equality being a normative ideal, inequality of opportunity has also often been used as an explanatory concept, e.g., when discussing class differences in access to privileged educational institutions.
835 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: Dreze and Sen as discussed by the authors argue that India's main problems lie in the lack of attention paid to the essential needs of the people, especially of the poor, and often of women.
Abstract: When India became independent in 1947 after two centuries of colonial rule, it immediately adopted a firmly democratic political system, with multiple parties, freedom of speech, and extensive political rights The famines of the British era disappeared, and steady economic growth replaced the economic stagnation of the Raj The growth of the Indian economy quickened further over the last three decades and became the second fastest among large economies Despite a recent dip, it is still one of the highest in the world
Maintaining rapid as well as environmentally sustainable growth remains an important and achievable goal for India In An Uncertain Glory, two of India's leading economists argue that the country's main problems lie in the lack of attention paid to the essential needs of the people, especially of the poor, and often of women There have been major failures both to foster participatory growth and to make good use of the public resources generated by economic growth to enhance people's living conditions There is also a continued inadequacy of social services such as schooling and medical care as well as of physical services such as safe water, electricity, drainage, transportation, and sanitation In the long run, even the feasibility of high economic growth is threatened by the underdevelopment of social and physical infrastructure and the neglect of human capabilities, in contrast with the Asian approach of simultaneous pursuit of economic growth and human development, as pioneered by Japan, South Korea, and China
In a democratic system, which India has great reason to value, addressing these failures requires not only significant policy rethinking by the government, but also a clearer public understanding of the abysmal extent of social and economic deprivations in the country The deep inequalities in Indian society tend to constrict public discussion, confining it largely to the lives and concerns of the relatively affluent Dreze and Sen present a powerful analysis of these deprivations and inequalities as well as the possibility of change through democratic practice
708 citations
01 Sep 2001
482 citations