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Journal ArticleDOI

Sociopsychological Foundations of Intractable Conflicts

01 Jul 2007-American Behavioral Scientist (SAGE Publications)-Vol. 50, Iss: 11, pp 1430-1453
TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual framework that concerns the sociopsychological foundation and dynamics of intractable conflict is presented, which describes how societies involved in this reality adapt to the conditions of infractable conflicts.
Abstract: The article presents a conceptual framework that concerns the sociopsychological foundation and dynamics of intractable conflict. First, it defines and characterizes the nature of intractable conflict, and then it describes how societies involved in this reality adapt to the conditions of intractable conflict. This adaptation meets three fundamental challenges: satisfying the needs of the society members, coping with stress, and withstanding the rival. In trying to confront them successfully, societies develop appropriate sociopsychological infrastructure, which includes collective memory, ethos of conflict, and collective emotional orientations. This infrastructure fulfills important individual and collective level functions, including the important role of formation, maintenance, and strengthening of a social identity that reflects this conflict. Special attempts are made to disseminate this infrastructure via societal channels of communication and institutionalize it. The evolved sociopsychological inf...

Summary (2 min read)

1 Introduction

  • Interfacial phenomena play a key role not only in many scientific fields, such as nucleation, nanotechnology or the dynamics of phase transitions, but also in a great number of practical applications1.
  • This allows to implement more elaborated and complex theories that in a second stage could be apply to predict the thermodynamic and interfacial behaviour of real models.
  • As the authors have mentioned previously in this Section, it is possible to determine the interfacial properties of molecular model systems, not only from computer simulation but also using a molecular theory based on Statistical Mechanics.
  • In particular, the theoretical formalism uses a Helmholtz free-energy functional which reduces to the SAFT-VR83,84 free energy of the homogeneous fluid in the limit of constant density.

2 Model and Theory

  • The molecular model and theory used to determine the bulk phase behaviour and the interfacial properties of TSWC are briefly described in this section before presenting the results.
  • The molecular chains considered in this work are formed from m spherical segments tangentially bonded that interact through the SW intermolecular potential, which is characterised by a diameter σ , a dispersive energy ε, and a potential range λ .
  • This contribution is treated within a Local Density Approximation (LDA)1,39, which implies that the hard-sphere contribution to the free energy of the inhomogeneous system is approximated by that of an equivalent homogeneous system of hard spheres evaluated at the local density ρ(r).
  • The term Fchain in Eq. (5) corresponds to the contribution to the free energy due to the formation of chains of m square-well segments, according to the standard Wertheim’s first-order thermodynamic perturbation theory (TPT1) of association86.
  • As in their previous papers72,72,82, a numerical integration of Eq. (3) is performed by starting from a trial density profile ρold with limiting densities which correspond to the vapour and liquid equilibrium bulk densities (obtained as described in reference83).

3 Simulation Details

  • The authors determine the phase equilibrium and interfacial properties of chain molecules formed from spherical monomers that interact through the SW intermolecular potential from Monte Carlo simulation.
  • The authors consider a system of N molecules at a temperature T in a volume V = Lx Ly Lz, where Lx, Ly and Lz are the dimensions of the rectangular simulation box.
  • Each type of move is chosen with a probability of 20%, 40%, and 40% for centre of mass displacements, partial configurational bias chain regrowth, and Grand–Canonical configurational bias chain insertion/deletion, respectively.
  • The residual chemical potential, as a function of density, was then fitted to a polynomial of 2nd up to 5th order and integrated up to the coexistence vapour density.
  • This is achieved by introducing a new MC move, which consists of an attempt to deform the box by changing the interfacial area of the system at constant volume.

4 Results

  • The authors apply the SAFT-VR DFT approach outlined in the Introduction to study the vapour-liquid interfacial properties of fully-flexible TSWC with potential range λ = 1.5σ and varying chain length.
  • Differences between both results can be observed at temperatures close to the critical temperature of each chain length.
  • The SAFT-VR approach, as in the case of the vapour-liquid coexistence envelopes, provides a qualitative description of the vapour pressure of chains formed from several SW monomeric units.
  • At low temperatures and particularly for the cases m = 4 and m = 8, the SAFT-VR DFT formalism underestimates the surface tension values obtained from Monte Carlo simulation.
  • The authors have also included the scaling relation given by Eq. (12) using the simulation data presented in Table 1.

5 Conclusions

  • The authors have determined the interfacial properties of the vapourliquid interface of fully-flexible chains formed from tangentially bonded SW monomers (TSCW model) with potential range λ = 1.5 using the Statistical Associating Fluid Theory for Variable Range (SAFT-VR) density functional theory (DFT).
  • Chains formed by four, eight, twelve, and sixteen monomers are considered.
  • The effect of the chain length on the density profiles, coexistence densities, vapour pressures, critical temperature and density, and surface tension has been investigated.
  • In the case of the coexistence densities and vapour pressures, agreement between their simulation results and those taken from the literature for both models (TSWC and VSWC) are excellent in all cases.
  • Whereas in the TSWC model the authors use here the segments forming the fully flexible chains are strictly tangent, in the VSWC model the intramolecular distance between consecutive segments is 0.97 (and not 1.0) in reduced units.

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1

2
Criterios de priorización en el marco jurídico colombiano para el acceso a las
medidas de reparación de víctimas del conflicto armado
Resumen.
Diana Milena Fajardo Landázuri
1
Las víctimas son el resultado de un proceso de violencia como lo es un conflicto
armado internacional o no internacional. Mujeres, niños y niñas, hombres que son
el sustento de su hogar, personas inocentes a quienes se les debe dar un
tratamiento y protección especial dentro de un proceso reparador, el cual, debe
ser expedito, raudo y que contenga mecanismos que permitan encontrar el punto
más cercano al que se encontraban dichas personas antes de que sufrieran el
daño. Sin embargo, muchas veces dichos procesos se convierten en barreras que
atentan contra la dignidad de la persona y su derecho a ser resarcidas, tal como
puede ocurrir en las directrices de las Entidades Gubernamentales que se
encargan de proporcionar las reparaciones.
Palabras clave: Conflicto armado, Violencia, Víctimas, Reparación, Priorización,
Dignidad.
Abstract.
Victims are the result of a process of violence such as an international or non-
international armed conflict. Women, boys and girls, men who are the sustenance
of their home, innocent people to whom special treatment and protection must be
given within a reparative process, which must be expeditious, rapid and containing
mechanisms to find the point Closer to where those persons were before they
suffered the damage. However, these processes often become barriers that violate
1
Estudiante de derecho en proceso de grado, Universidad Católica de Colombia, Facultad de Derecho,
Programa de Pregrado. Artículo reflexivo para optar al tulo de abogado. Director: Dr. Ricardo Arturo Ariza,
Profesor titular.

3
the dignity of the person and their right to be compensated, as may occur in the
guidelines of the Government Entities that are responsible for providing
reparations.
Key Words: Armed conflict, Violence, Victims, Reparation, Priorization, Dignity.

4
Sumario
Introducción. 1. APROXIMACIÓN AL CONFLICTO ARMADO COLOMBIANO. 2.
CONCEPTO DE VÍCTIMA. 3. MARCO JURIDÍCO PARA LA REPARACIÓN DE
VÍCTIMAS. 3.1 La reparación de ctimas dentro de los acuerdos de La Habana.
4. CRITERIOS DE PRIORIZACIÓN PARA EL ACCESO A MEDIDAS DE
REPARACIÓN. 4.1 Hechos victimizantes, monto y distribución de la indemnización
por vía administrativa. Conclusiones. Referencias.

5
Introducción.
Colombia es un país que lastimosamente ha sido flagelado por consecuencia
de una guerra interna llevada a cabo en contra de diferentes grupos armados
ilegales que han surgido a lo largo de la historia, una conflagración que sin duda
alguna ha dejado graves consecuencias como por ejemplo, los millones de
víctimas que en la actualidad se registran.
Dichas víctimas a las que les son vulnerados sus derechos requieren de una
atención prioritaria y de un proceso reparador eficaz, que sea capaz de
devolverles la dignidad arrasada la cual es inherente a su condición humana y que
además, los compense por los daños sufridos en virtud de dicho conflicto. Aunque
sea difícil o prácticamente imposible de compensar ciertas situaciones graves que
fueron cometidas, como por ejemplo: el haber cegado una vida.
Peña (2011) se pregunta ¿Cómo reparar lo irreparable?”, cuestión que
definitivamente no tiene respuesta, por lo que solo resta buscar un punto que sea
lo más cercano posible al que se encontraba la víctima y en los casos en que esto
no pueda suceder, la única solución para las ctimas es que reciban una
merecida compensación a través de los mecanismos desencadenados o creados
debido a la violación de dichos derechos (Gamboa, 2006).
Ahora bien, dichos mecanismos de reparación y compensación deberán ser lo
más eficaces posibles, deberán contener un procedimiento raudo y sin muchas
trabas con el fin de que las víctimas puedan acceder a ellos y se les permita
encontrar de esta manera justicia. Ya que lastimosamente como lo menciona Nasi
(2007), “los civiles inocentes que han sido víctimas de abuso por parte de los
cuerpos de seguridad del Estado y de los grupos armados ilegales rara vez
pueden acudir a las cortes u obtener alguna compensación”.
Si a lo anterior le sumáramos entonces, un procedimiento en donde las víctimas
tengan que cumplir con una serie de requisitos no acordes al objetivo de los

Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood emerges as a major theme in the ethos of conflict of societies involved in intractable conflict and is a fundamental part of the collective memory of the conflict as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood emerges as a major theme in the ethos of conflict of societies involved in intractable conflict and is a fundamental part of the collective memory of the conflict. This sense is defined as a mindset shared by group members that results from a perceived intentional harm with severe consequences, inflicted on the collective by another group. This harm is viewed as undeserved, unjust and immoral, and one that the group could not prevent. The article analyses the nature of the self-perceived collective sense of victimhood in the conflict, its antecedents, the functions that it fulfils for the society and the consequences that result from this view.

346 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of different collective emotional elements in creating, preserving, and resolving conflicts is discussed, and a conceptual framework is provided to discuss the relations between conflict, context, and collective emotions.
Abstract: It is well established today that emotions are an important part of most societal dynamics. The current article focuses on the role of different collective emotional elements in creating, preserving, and resolving conflicts. The main premise is that collective emotions play a pivotal role in shaping individual and societal responses to conflicting events and in contributing to the evolvement of a social context that maintains the emotional climate and collective emotional orientation that have developed. The first part of the article provides a conceptual framework to discuss the relations between conflict, context, and collective emotions. The second part uses the conceptual framework to discuss the societal implications of the articles presented in this issue. Taken together, the parts create a platform for future research on the role of collective emotions in conflict resolution and the construction of cultures of peace.

314 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Drawing on the Needs-Based Model, the authors suggest that CV may reflect groups’ motivations to restore power or moral acceptance, and contend that such competition serves various functions that contribute to the maintenance of conflicts.
Abstract: Inter-group competitive victimhood (CV) describes the efforts of members of groups involved in violent conflicts to establish that their group has suffered more than their adversarial group. Such efforts contribute to conflicts' escalation and impede their peaceful resolution. CV stems from groups' general tendency to compete with each other, along with the deep sense of victimization resulting from conflicts. The authors point to biases that contribute to groups' engagement in CV, describe five dimensions of victimhood over which groups may compete, and contend that such competition serves various functions that contribute to the maintenance of conflicts. Drawing on the Needs-Based Model, they suggest that CV may reflect groups' motivations to restore power or moral acceptance. They then review evidence of the negative consequences of CV for inter-group forgiveness and suggest potential strategies to reduce CV. Finally, the authors discuss potential moderators and directions for future research.

275 citations


Cites background from "Sociopsychological Foundations of I..."

  • ...A third obstacle to promoting a shared identity is that dehumanization of the out-group (i.e., stripping the outgroup of human qualities) may have already become a common practice (Bandura, 1999; Bar-Tal, 2007; Gaunt, 2009)....

    [...]

  • ...place in the lives of the societies involved (Bar-Tal, 2007; Kriesberg, 1998)....

    [...]

  • ...…in violent, intractable conflicts develop a social-psychological infrastructure that consists of mutually interrelated collective memories, an ethos of conflict, and a collective emotional orientation that help them to cope with the challenges posed by their harsh conditions (Bar-Tal, 2007)....

    [...]

  • ..., stripping the outgroup of human qualities) may have already become a common practice (Bandura, 1999; Bar-Tal, 2007; Gaunt, 2009)....

    [...]

  • ...…is at least one generation that never knew a different reality), are perceived as irresolvable, are existential, are zero-sum in nature, demand extensive investment (e.g., militarily, economically), and occupy a central place in the lives of the societies involved (Bar-Tal, 2007; Kriesberg, 1998)....

    [...]

References
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01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a detailed theory of psychological stress, building on the concepts of cognitive appraisal and coping, which have become major themes of theory and investigation in psychology.
Abstract: Here is a monumental work that continues in the tradition pioneered by co-author Richard Lazarus in his classic book Psychological Stress and the Coping Process. Dr. Lazarus and his collaborator, Dr. Susan Folkman, present here a detailed theory of psychological stress, building on the concepts of cognitive appraisal and coping which have become major themes of theory and investigation. As an integrative theoretical analysis, this volume pulls together two decades of research and thought on issues in behavioral medicine, emotion, stress management, treatment, and life span development. A selective review of the most pertinent literature is included in each chapter. The total reference listing for the book extends to 60 pages. This work is necessarily multidisciplinary, reflecting the many dimensions of stress-related problems and their situation within a complex social context. While the emphasis is on psychological aspects of stress, the book is oriented towards professionals in various disciplines, as well as advanced students and educated laypersons. The intended audience ranges from psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, nurses, and social workers to sociologists, anthropologists, medical researchers, and physiologists.

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"Sociopsychological Foundations of I..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In this sense the sociopsychological infrastructure also allows economic predictability, which is one of the basic conditions for coping successfully with stress (e.g., Antonovsky, 1987; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)....

    [...]

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"Sociopsychological Foundations of I..." refers background in this paper

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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the dynamics of prejudgment, including: Frustration, Aggression and Hatred, Anxiety, Sex, and Guilt, Demagogy, and Tolerant Personality.
Abstract: Preferential Thinking * What Is the Problem? * The Normality of Prejudgment * Formation of In-Groups * Rejection of Out-Groups * Patterning and Extent of Prejudice Group Differences * The Scientific Study of Group Differences * Racial and Ethnic Differences * Visibility and Strangeness * Traits Due to Victimization Perceiving And Thinking About Group Differences * The Cognitive Process * Linguistic Factors * Stereotypes in Our Culture * Theories of Prejudice Sociocultural Factors * Social Structure And Cultural Pattern * Choice of Scapegoats * The Effect of Contact * Acquiring Prejudice * Conforming * The Young Child * Later Learning * Inner Conflict The Dynamics Of Prejudice * Frustration * Aggression and Hatred * Anxiety, Sex, and Guilt * Projection Character Structure * The Prejudiced Personality * Demagogy * The Tolerant Personality * Religion and Prejudice Reducing Group Tensions * Ought There to Be a Law? * Evaluation of Programs * Limitations and Horizons

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TL;DR: Jerome Bruner argues that the cognitive revolution has led psychology away from the deeper objective of understanding mind as a creator of meanings, and only by breaking out of the limitations imposed by a computational model of mind can be grasped.
Abstract: Jerome Bruner argues that the cognitive revolution, with its current fixation on mind as "information processor;" has led psychology away from the deeper objective of understanding mind as a creator of meanings. Only by breaking out of the limitations imposed by a computational model of mind can we grasp the special interaction through which mind both constitutes and is constituted by culture. (http://books.google.fr/books?id=YHt_M41uIuUC&pg=PA157&dq=Bruner,+J.+%281990%29.+Acts+of+meaning&hl=fr&ei=EwOXTrqpCsPWsgaGgO2YBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false)

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"Sociopsychological Foundations of I..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Narrative is viewed as a social construction that coherently interrelates a sequence of historical and current events; it is an account of a community’s collective experiences, embodied in its belief system and represents the collective’s symbolically constructed shared identity (Bruner, 1990)....

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TL;DR: A new edition of Man's Search for Meaning includes a new preface by the author, in which he explains his decision to remain in his native Austria during the Nazi invasion, a choice which eventually led to his imprisonment.
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6,029 citations

Frequently Asked Questions (3)
Q1. What are the contributions mentioned in the paper "Criterios de priorización en el marco jurídico colombiano para el acceso a las medidas de reparación de víctimas del conflicto armado resumen" ?

In this paper, the authors present a model of reparative process for reparación of victims of violence such as an international or non-international armed conflict. 

Colombia tiene aproximadamente 6.9 millones de personas registradas como víctimas en el Registro Único de Víctimas; de las cuales, aproximadamente el 85% han sido desplazadas internamente. 

El derecho a la reparación integral se encuentra consagrado en el artículo 25º, este derecho incluye todas las medidas de indemnización, restitución, rehabilitación, satisfacción y garantía de no repetición las cuales se pueden otorgar de forma individual o colectiva.