Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a novel stress-release strategy by inserting MoSe2 nanosheets onto the surface of yolk-shell Fe7Se8@C composite to accommodate the volume expansion and stabilize the electrode.
45 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the structural characteristics of polyanion Na3V2(PO4)3 materials have been discussed, and the future development direction of Na3v2PO43 modification methods, and made a few suggestions.
45 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of promising flexible anodes and cathodes in terms of discharge capacities and cycling in Na half-cells is highlighted and the further development of future flexible NIBs are also presented.
Abstract: Sodium ion batteries (NIBs) have gained remarkable attention as a potential alternative to lithium ion batteries for upcoming large-scale applications ranging from small electronic equipment to electric vehicles. In recent years, motivated by the growing market of flexible and wearable electronics, researchers have tried to build improved energy-storage systems with the capability of bending, folding and stretching. Significant progress has been made in the preparation of electrode and electrolyte materials for flexible NIBs. Flexible carbonaceous materials such as graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes etc., and other metals and their oxides/sulfides immobilized on flexible carbonaceous sheets have been explored as anodes for flexible NIBs. On the other hand, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and few organic compounds pasted on flexible carbonaceous supports are proposed as potential cathodes. On the electrolyte part, polymer-based flexible films have shown their potential as promising systems. In this review article, recent progress and well-developed strategies for the preparation of electrodes and electrolytes to realize flexible and stretchable NIBs are discussed. The performance of promising flexible anodes and cathodes in terms of discharge capacities and cycling in Na half-cells is highlighted. Prospects for the further development of future flexible NIBs are also presented.
45 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a review examines fundamental principles to rationalise these numerous developments, and in each case, a brief overview is given on the advantages, advances, remaining challenges preventing cell-level implementation and the state-of-the-art of the solutions to these challenges.
Abstract: Rechargeable batteries of high energy density and overall performance are becoming a critically important technology in the rapidly changing society of the twenty-first century. While lithium-ion batteries have so far been the dominant choice, numerous emerging applications call for higher capacity, better safety and lower costs while maintaining sufficient cyclability. The design space for potentially better alternatives is extremely large, with numerous new chemistries and architectures being simultaneously explored. These include other insertion ions (e.g. sodium and numerous multivalent ions), conversion electrode materials (e.g. silicon, metallic anodes, halides and chalcogens) and aqueous and solid electrolytes. However, each of these potential "beyond lithium-ion" alternatives faces numerous challenges that often lead to very poor cyclability, especially at the commercial cell level, while lithium-ion batteries continue to improve in performance and decrease in cost. This review examines fundamental principles to rationalise these numerous developments, and in each case, a brief overview is given on the advantages, advances, remaining challenges preventing cell-level implementation and the state-of-the-art of the solutions to these challenges. Finally, research and development results obtained in academia are compared to emerging commercial examples, as a commentary on the current and near-future viability of these "beyond lithium-ion" alternatives.
44 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a facile precipitation route was used to synthesize Na-rich PBAs with superior electrochemical performance, and two shapes of the products, namely, small irregular particles and large cuboid particles, coexist by adding sodium citrate in the sodium hexacyanoferrate side during the synthesis.
Abstract: Prussian blue analogues (PBA) recently have received great interest for promising applications in low-cost sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, controlled synthesis of high-performance PBA is still challenging. In this work, a facile precipitation route was used to synthesize Na-rich PBAs with superior electrochemical performance. It was found that two shapes of the products, namely, small irregular particles and large cuboid particles, coexist by adding sodium citrate in the sodium hexacyanoferrate side during the synthesis. The product shows large capacity (144 mAh g–1 under a 0.1 C rate), good rate performance (115.6 mAh g–1 under a 1 C rate, 86.6 mAh g–1 under a 10 C rate), and long-term cycling stability (73.4% retention after 780 cycles under a 0.5 C rate, 72.7% retention after 2100 cycles under a 1 C rate). This work offers a promising route to prepare PBA-based cathode materials for high-performance SIBs.
44 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations