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Journal ArticleDOI

Sodium-ion batteries: present and future

19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The feasibility of carbon-free microscale Fe1-xS as high-efficiency anode materials for rechargeable batteries by designing hierarchical intertexture architecture is demonstrated, demonstrating one of the best performances for iron sulfide-based electrodes in Li-ion and Na-ion batteries.
Abstract: Numerous materials have been considered as promising electrode materials for rechargeable batteries; however, developing efficient materials to achieving good cycling performance and high volumetric energy capacity simultaneously remains a great challenge. Considering the appealing properties of iron sulfides, which include low cost, high theoretical capacity, and favorable electrochemical conversion mechanism, in this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of carbon-free microscale Fe1–xS as high-efficiency anode materials for rechargeable batteries by designing hierarchical intertexture architecture. The as-prepared intertexture Fe1–xS microspheres constructed from nanoscale units take advantage of both the long cycle life of nanoscale units and the high tap density (1.13 g cm–3) of the micro-intertexture Fe1–xS. As a result, high capacities of 1089.2 mA h g–1 (1230.8 mA h cm–3) and 624.7 mA h g–1 (705.9 mA h cm–3) were obtained after 100 cycles at 1 A g–1 in Li-ion and Na-ion batteries, respectively, dem...

41 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer-based gel polymer electrolyte with high ionic conductivity and high elasticity is reported, which exhibits good cycling performance in terms of discharge capacity, cycling stability and rate capability.
Abstract: Sodium batteries have been recognized as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries. However, the liquid electrolyte used in these batteries has inherent safety problems. Polymer electrolytes have been considered as safer and more reliable electrolyte systems for rechargeable batteries. Herein, a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer-based gel polymer electrolyte with high ionic conductivity and high elasticity was reported. It had an ambient-temperature ionic conductivity of 1.5 mS cm-1 and high stretchability, capable of withstanding 610 % strain. Coordination between Na+ ions and polymer chains increased the degree of salt dissociation in the gel polymer electrolyte compared with the liquid electrolyte. An Na/Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 cell assembled with gel polymer electrolyte exhibited good cycling performance in terms of discharge capacity, cycling stability, and rate capability, which was owing to the effective trapping ability of organic solvents in the polymer matrix and uniform flux of sodium ions through the gel polymer electrolyte.

41 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the intercalation sites in cellulose-derived hard carbon were controlled by varying the degree of crystallinity of cellulose, and the results showed that pseudo-graphitic domains with interlayer spacings between 0.36 and 0.40 nm are responsible for the low-voltage plateau capacity in NIBs and KIBs.

41 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a high-entropy configuration strategy for NaxTMO2 cathode materials is proposed, in which multicomponent TMO2 slabs with enlarged interlayer spacing help strengthen the whole skeleton structure of layered oxides through mitigating Jahn-Teller distortion, Na+/vacancy ordering, and lattice parameter changes.
Abstract: Na-ion layered oxide cathodes (NaxTMO2, TM = transition metal ion(s)), as an analogue of lithium layered oxide cathodes (such as LiCoO2, LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2), have received growing attention with the development of Na-ion batteries. However, due to the larger Na+ radius and stronger Na+-Na+ electrostatic repulsion in NaO2 slabs, some undesired phase transitions are observed in NaxTMO2. Herein, we report a high-entropy configuration strategy for NaxTMO2 cathode materials, in which multicomponent TMO2 slabs with enlarged interlayer spacing help strengthen the whole skeleton structure of layered oxides through mitigating Jahn-Teller distortion, Na+/vacancy ordering, and lattice parameter changes. The strengthened skeleton structure with a modulated particle morphology dramatically improves the Na+ transport kinetics and suppresses intragranular fatigue cracks and TM dissolution, thus leading to highly improved performances. Furthermore, the elaborate high-entropy TMO2 slabs enhance the TM-O bonding energy to restrain oxygen release and thermal runaway, benefiting for the improvement of thermal safety.

41 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Pengfei Huang1, Hangjun Ying1, Shunlong Zhang1, Zhao Zhang1, Wei-Qiang Han1 
TL;DR: In this paper, a multidimensional synergistic structure of few-layered Ti3C2 MXene/CoS2@N-doped porous carbon was designed as SIBs anodes.

41 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
18 Nov 2011-Science
TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.

11,144 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
26 May 2006-Science
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.

4,848 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.

4,578 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.

3,776 citations