Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
Citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a three-dimensional high edge-nitrogen doped turbostratic carbons (3D-ENTC) was synthesized through catalytic pyrolysis of graphitic carbon nitride, which is enabled by metal cyanamides.
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TL;DR: In this article, a dual strategy design involving the combination of a highly porous Na3V2(PO4)3 structure and a superior ionic/electronic conductive sulfur-doped carbon layer (HP-NVP@SC) is presented; a number of advantageous qualities, including large surface area, numerous active sites and a well-developed diffusion pathway, are exhibited by this composite.
Abstract: The exploration of advanced cathode materials with high electron conductivity and sodium-ion diffusion coefficient is of great significance for the further development of sodium-ion batteries. To improve the sodium-ion storage performance, herein, a dual strategy design involving the combination of a highly porous Na3V2(PO4)3 structure and a superior ionic/electronic conductive sulfur-doped carbon layer (HP-NVP@SC) is presented; a number of advantageous qualities, including large surface area, numerous active sites and a well-developed diffusion pathway, are exhibited by this composite. Notably, the HP-NVP@SC composite exhibits a superior rate performance (116.5 mA h g−1 at 1C; 95 mA h g−1 at 30C) and long-term cycling stability with 91% capacity retention after 2500 charge/discharge cycles at 20C. Specifically, the symmetric full cell assembled using the HP-NVP@SC composite as both a cathode and an anode also shows remarkable rate capability and notable cycling life with the high energy density of 164 W h kg−1 at 1C. This dual strategy may inspire more research towards the construction of high-performance sodium-ion batteries.
40 citations
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TL;DR: A review of imaging techniques and the knowledge acquired from these techniques for three systems: Li–S batteries, Na-ion batteries, and all-solid-state batteries shows that beam damage remains the bottleneck to characterization.
Abstract: Imaging techniques are increasingly used to study Li-ion batteries and, in particular, post-Li-ion batteries such as Li–S batteries, Na-ion batteries, and all-solid-state batteries. Results that appear impressive owing to good image design and reconstruction are frequently published in high-impact-factor journals; however, questions have arisen about the added value of such results and the information they reveal about reaction mechanisms occurring in batteries during operation and/or degradation. We present here a review of imaging techniques and the knowledge acquired from these techniques for three systems: Li–S batteries, Na-ion batteries, and all-solid-state batteries. There are always advantages and disadvantages associated with these techniques, but beam damage remains the bottleneck to characterization. This factor needs to be considered seriously in order to obtain valuable outcomes that will enable improvements of battery performance and lifetime.
40 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a few-layer FePS3 nanosheets uniformly anchored into a porous graphene network were used to achieve high performance lithium/sodium storage for metal phosphosulfide.
Abstract: To pursue an anode candidate with a high capacity and favorable potential is urgent for a prospective energy storage system. In this work, an earth-abundant ternary metal phosphosulfide, here FePS3, which is expected to combine the merits of metal sulfide and phosphorus, is explored for lithium/sodium storage. In order to facilitate charge transfer and relieve volume stress on the electrode, oriented nanoengineering with few-layer FePS3 nanosheets uniformly anchored into a porous graphene network was carried out. Consequently, excellent lithium storage capacities of 842.7 and 570 mA h g−1 were delivered after 120 cycles at 0.1 A g−1 and 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1, respectively. Moreover, the electrode showed excellent cycle stability for sodium storage, delivering a reversible capacity of 256.4 mA h g−1 after 300 cycles at 0.05 A g−1. The electrochemical performance is competitive compared with the state-of-the-art binary metal sulfides and phosphides. Besides oriented nanoengineering, more interestingly, an intrinsic phase evolution mechanism plays a substantial role in the favorable electrochemical reaction. Through characterization by ex situ XRD, FT-IR, HRTEM, and EIS studies, for lithium storage, single-phase FePS3 is irreversibly transformed into nano-sized FexSy and a phosphorus heterophase structure accompanying the breakage of P–S bonds after the first cycle. In view of the different lithiation potential, in situ formed mixed phases can serve as an inert buffer matrix for each other, alleviating the aggregation and pulverization of electrodes caused by volume change. This study proposes a synergistic pathway, which combines the advantages of oriented nanoengineering and an intrinsic phase evolution process to achieve high-performance lithium/sodium storage for metal phosphosulfide.
40 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a series of Na0.67Ni0.33Mn 0.67O2 materials with mixed P2/P3 phases are synthesized with a conventional solid-state reaction method and investigated as cathode materials for sodium ion batteries.
39 citations
References
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
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TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
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4,578 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations