Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a facile one-pot solvothermal method was used to synthesize CoTe nanorods/reduced graphene oxide (CTNRs/rGO) composites.
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TL;DR: In this article, a heterojunction bimetallic sulfide nanosheet SnS2/FeS 2/rGO composite was introduced to synchronously grow with SnS 2 on rGO to prepare a composite material, which achieved a capacity of 768.3 mA h g-1 at the current density of 0.1 A g 1 g 1.
Abstract: Transition-metal sulfide SnS2 has aroused wide concern due to its high capacity and nanosheet structure, making it an attractive choice as the anode material in sodium-ion batteries. However, the large volume expansion and poor conductivity of SnS2 lead to inferior cycle stability as well as rate performance. In this work, FeS2 was in situ introduced to synchronously grow with SnS2 on rGO to prepare a heterojunction bimetallic sulfide nanosheet SnS2/FeS2/rGO composite. The composition and distinctive structure facilitate the rapid diffusion of Na+ and improve the charge transfer at the heterogeneous interface, providing sufficient space for volume expansion and improving anode materials' structural stability. SnS2/FeS2/rGO bimetallic sulfide electrode boasts a capacity of 768.3 mA h g-1 at the current density of 0.1 A g-1, and 541.2 mA h g-1 at the current density of 1 A g-1 in sodium-ion batteries, which is superior to that of either single metal sulfide SnS2 or FeS2. TDOS calculation further confirms that the binding of FeS2/SnS2-Na is more stable than FeS2 and SnS2 alone. The superior electrochemical performance of the SnS2/FeS2/rGO composite material makes it a promising candidate for sodium storage.
35 citations
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed focus is given on: (i) anode ceramic materials, (ii) cathode active materials, and (iii) separators and solid electrolytes.
Abstract: In this chapter, after having introduced the basics of electrochemical storage and types of secondary batteries, detailed focus is given on: (i) anode ceramic materials, (ii) cathode active materials, and (iii) separators and solid electrolytes. Chemistries of interest are based on lithium and sodium, covering both current commercial applications as well as technologies under development such as solid-state batteries.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, O3-type Na098Ca001[Ni05Mn05]O2 is synthesized by incorporating Ca2+ into the NaO6 octahedron of Na[Ni5Mn5]O 2 and its potential use as a cathode material for high energy density SIBs is demonstrated.
Abstract: To facilitate the practical realization of sodium-ion batteries, the energy density, determined by the output operating voltage and/or capacity, needs to be improved to the level of commercial Li-ion batteries Herein, O3-type Na098Ca001[Ni05Mn05]O2 is synthesized by incorporating Ca2+ into the NaO6 octahedron of Na[Ni05Mn05]O2 and its potential use as a cathode material for high energy density SIBs is demonstrated The ionic radius of calcium (≈100 A) is similar to that of sodium (≈102 A); hence, it is energetically favorable for calcium to occupy sites in the sodium layers Within a wide operating voltage range of 20–43 V, O3-type Na098Ca001[Ni05Mn05]O2 exhibits a reversible O3–P3–O3 phase transition with small volume changes compared to Ca-free Na[Ni05Mn05]O2 because of the strong interaction between Ca2+ and O2− and delivers a high reversible capacity of 209 mA h g−1 at 15 mA g−1 with improved cycling stability Moreover, Ca substitution improves the practically useful aspects such as thermal and air stability A prototype pouch full cell with a hard carbon anode shows an excellent capacity retention of 67% over 300 cycles Thus, this study provides an efficient and simple method to boost the performance and applicability of layered oxide cathode materials for practical applications
34 citations
TL;DR: The SnO2 @CMK-8 composite, a highly promising anode for Na-ion batteries, was incorporated with polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sodium polyacrylate, and NaCMC/NaPAA mixed binders to optimize the electrode sodiation/desodiation properties, leading to the formation of an effective protective film on the electrode.
Abstract: SnO2 @CMK-8 composite, a highly promising anode for Na-ion batteries (NIBs), was incorporated with polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), sodium polyacrylate (NaPAA), and NaCMC/NaPAA mixed binders to optimize the electrode sodiation/desodiation properties. Synergistic effects between NaCMC and NaPAA led to the formation of an effective protective film on the electrode. This coating layer not only increased the charge-discharge Coulombic efficiency, suppressing the accumulation of solid-electrolyte interphases, but also kept the SnO2 nanoparticles in the CMK-8 matrix, preventing the agglomeration and removal of oxide upon cycling. The adhesion strength and stability towards the electrolyte of the binders were evaluated. In addition, the charge-transfer resistance and apparent Na+ diffusion of the SnO2 @CMK-8 electrodes with various binders were examined and post-mortem analyses were conducted. With NaCMC/NaPAA binder, exceptional electrode capacities of 850 and 425 mAh g-1 were obtained at charge-discharge rates of 20 and 2000 mA g-1 , respectively. After 300 cycles, 90 % capacity retention was achieved. The thermal reactivity of the sodiated electrodes was studied by using differential scanning calorimetry. The binder effects on NIB safety, in terms of thermal runaway, are discussed.
34 citations
References
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations