Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: An innovative and efficient way to fabricate SICs with both high energy and power density utilizing ether-based electrolytes can be realized to eliminate the presodiation process.
Abstract: Sodium-ion capacitors (SICs) have received intensive attention due to their high energy density, high power density, long cycle life, and low cost of sodium. However, the lack of high-performance anode materials and the tedious presodiation process hinders the practical applications of SICs. A simple and effective strategy is reported to fabricate a high-performance SIC using Fe1-x S as the anode material and an ether-based electrolyte. The Fe1-x S electrode is found to undergo a reversible intercalation reaction after the first cycle, resulting in fast kinetics and excellent reversibility. The Fe1-x S electrode delivers a high capacity of 340 mAh g-1 at 0.05 A g-1 , 179 mAh g-1 at high current of 5 A g-1 and an ultralong cycling performance with 95% capacity retention after 7000 cycles. Coupled with a carbon-based cathode, a high-performance SIC without the presodiation process is successfully fabricated. The hybrid device demonstrates an excellent energy density of 88 Wh kg-1 and superior power density of 11 500 W kg-1 , as well as an ultralong lifetime of 9000 cycles with over 93% capacity retention. An innovative and efficient way to fabricate SICs with both high energy and power density utilizing ether-based electrolytes can be realized to eliminate the presodiation process.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the synthesis of carbon coated NaVPO4F (NaVPO 4F/C) via industrial high-temperature calcination and its application as bipolar electrodes to build symmetric sodium ion full batteries (SIFBs) was reported.
Abstract: We report the synthesis of carbon coated NaVPO4F (NaVPO4F/C) via industrial high-temperature calcination and its application as bipolar electrodes to build symmetric sodium ion full batteries (SIFBs). The reaction mechanism and electrochemical performance of NaVPO4F/C electrodes as both the anode and cathode have been deeply studied, respectively. This indicates that NaVPO4F/C electrodes, with negligible structural change and stable valence adjustment, are very applicable for the symmetric system. The electrodes deliver a high reversible capacity of 136 and 134 mA h g−1 with a high ion diffusion coefficient of 3.1 × 10−11 cm2 s−1 and 2.56 × 10−11 cm2 s−1 as the anode and cathode, respectively. Moreover, the symmetric SIFBs with NaVPO4F/C electrodes as both the anode and cathode at the same time exhibit a considerable reversible capacity, good rate performance and long cycle life (capacity retention is 90% after 400 cycles) as designed. This work displays the potential commercial application of the symmetric SIFBs with NaVPO4F/C bipolar electrodes.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the Jahn-Teller distortion caused by Mn3+ in the structure was minimized via substitution of Mn 3+ by Co 3+ in P2-Na2/3[Mn1-xCox]O2.
Abstract: The P2-Na2/3MnO2 compound is one of the attractive cathodes for sodium-ion batteries due to its high initial capacity and abundance of Na and Mn elements in nature. The existence of Mn3+ Jahn-Teller ion, however, impedes electrode performance for long term. Here, we challenge to minimize the effect of the Jahn-Teller distortion caused by Mn3+ in the structure, via substitution of Mn3+ by Co3+ in P2-Na2/3[Mn1-xCox]O2 (x = 0-0.3). The P2-Na2/3[Mn0.8Co0.2]O2 compound substantializes the electrochemical performance with a capacity of about 175 mAh g-1 (26 mA g-1) and retained over 90% of its initial capacity for 300 cycles at 0.1 C (26 mA g-1) and 10 C (2.6 A g-1). The operando X-ray diffraction study indicates that a single-phase reaction is associated with the insertion of sodium ions into the structure, accompanied by a small volume change of approximately 3%. Furthermore, ex situ X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy results show that the crystal structure remained after 300 continuous cycles. It is believed that such good electrode performances attribute to the structural stabilization assisted by the presence of Co3+ in the crystal structure. Our finding provides a way to take advantage of low-cost Mn-rich cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the latest progress in the research of transition-metal oxides is summarized, and the existing challenges are discussed, and a series of strategies are proposed to overcome these drawbacks.
Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), which are an alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), have attracted increasing attention due to their low cost of Na resources and similar Na storage mechanism to LIBs. Compared with anode materials and electrolytes, the development of cathode materials lags behind. Therefore, the key to improving the specific energy and promoting the application of SIBs is to develop high-performance sodium intercalation cathode materials. Transition-metal oxides are one of the most promising cathode materials for SIBs owing to their excellent energy density, high specific discharge capacity, and environmentally friendly nature. In the present work, the latest progress in the research of transition-metal oxides is summarized. Moreover, the existing challenges are discussed, and a series of strategies are proposed to overcome these drawbacks. This review aims at providing guidance for the development of metal oxides in the next stage.
33 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations