Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: The feasibility of sodium-ion batteries as an alternative to lithium ion batteries in large-scale storage systems largely depends on the availability of advanced electrode materials leading to enha....
Abstract: The feasibility of sodium-ion batteries as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries in large-scale storage systems largely depends on the availability of advanced electrode materials leading to enha...
29 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two aza-fused conjugated polymers (BCPs) were designed and synthesized as anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), including an LCP and a BCP with similar constructing units.
Abstract: Redox-active conjugated polymers have drawn much attention as electrodes for batteries. Among them, branched conjugated polymers (BCPs) are supposed to have advantages over linear conjugated polymers (LCPs), because the branched structure should benefit electrolyte infiltration and ionic transport and thus would contribute to high rate capability. However, the direct comparison of BCPs with LCPs as electrodes for batteries is rarely reported because it is difficult to synthesize an LCP and a BCP with a similar chemical environment. Herein, we design and synthesize two aza-fused conjugated polymers as anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), including an LCP and a BCP with similar constructing units. Both of them displayed outstanding Na-storage performance at a slow rate. Particularly, the BCP anode exhibited extraordinary rate capability, which was much higher than that of the LCP anode. The rate performance of the BCP anode even outperformed most organic polymeric anodes for SIBs. This work provides insight into branched conjugated polymers and inspires the molecular design of novel polymers for SIBs.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the puffed rice hard carbon (HC) with loose structure within the temperature range from 800 to 1400°C is used to tightly wrap the alloy via a simple ball milling.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the tin phosphide/reduced graphene oxide (Sn4P3/RGO) composites were used as anode material for PIBs, which was prepared via a high-energy ball-milling process.
Abstract: Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have been attractedattention in grid-scale energy storage owning to the earth-abundance and low cost. However, the progresses in PIBs chemistry have so far been hindered bylacking suitable electrode materials to host the relatively large K+ ions. Herein, we report tin phosphide/reduced graphene oxide (Sn4P3/RGO) composites used as anode material for PIBs,which was prepared via a high-energy ball-milling process. The coexistence of small Sn4P3 nanoparticles and RGO nanosheets endows the composites with improved electronic conductivity, highly structural integrity and superior electrochemical performance. When used as anode material for PIBs, a high reversible capacity of 452.6 mAh g−1 at 80 mA g−1, superior rate capability of 116.4 mAh g−1 at high current density of 800 mA g−1, and still remains 157.3 mAh g−1 at 600 mA g−1 after 60 cycles. This work provides experimental guideline to develop suitable and advanced anode materials for PIBs.
29 citations
References
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations