Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a design strategy to develop a vanadium sulfide (VS4) electrode with a unique secondary morphology and utilize it in combination with a specific choice of an ether-based electrolyte for sodium ion batteries.
27 citations
12 Jun 2018
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new type of carbon coated graphene/antimony composite (G@Sb@C) with a unique sandwich-like structure was designed and fabricated, which can enhance the electronic conductivity and disperse the Sb particles uniformly.
Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered to be one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for energy storage due to the low cost and large abundance of natural sodium resources. However, the search for suitable sodium storage anode materials with enhanced rate capability and cycling stability is much more difficult for SIBs, due to the larger ionic radius of the sodium-ion than that of the lithium-ion. In this work, we design and fabricate a new type of carbon coated graphene/antimony composite (G@Sb@C) with a unique sandwich-like structure. The graphene framework and carbon layer can enhance the electronic conductivity and disperse the Sb particles uniformly. In addition, the covered carbon layer can buffer the volume change, suppress the aggregation of Sb, and stabilize the integrated structure of the composite during the cycling processes. As an anode material for SIBs, the G@Sb@C electrode delivers a high reversible capacity of 569.5 mA h g−1 after 200 cycles at a current rate of 0.1 A g−1, and the coulombic efficiency is ca. 99%. Moreover, the capacity reaches 433 mA h g−1 even at a high current rate of 5.0 A g−1. We believe that the unique sandwich-like structure design could also be extended to develop other materials suffering from the large volume change during charge/discharge cycling.
27 citations
TL;DR: It is discovered that the GA-induced carbon collector contributed to a surface-controlled capacitance, which accounted for 55% of the total capacity, which was exceeded with an ultrahigh specific capacity of 214 mA h g-1 at 0.5 C.
Abstract: For the first time, a uniform graphene aerogel (GA) supported Prussian blue (PB) nanocube structure was synthesized by fitting the nanocube into the GA with a specific pore size and employing it in a freestanding sodium ion battery cathodic electrode. In this electrode, the graphene framework not only offers mechanical support, but also plays the role of a binder-free current collector. The theoretical specific capacity of Prussian blue was exceeded with an ultrahigh specific capacity of 214 mA h g−1 at 0.5 C. With the help of the electronic double layer capacitance of the graphene framework, this ultrahigh value can be achieved. We studied the influence of the mass loading of the PB nanocube on the specific capacity, finding that the GA-induced freestanding electrode has the potential to load a maximum of 72 wt% of the PB nanocube. Furthermore, we separated the capacitance and the capacity of the electrode through kinetic analysis, and discovered that the GA-induced carbon collector contributed to a surface-controlled capacitance, which accounted for 55% of the total capacity.
27 citations
References
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations