Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: A hexadecylamine-mediated synthesis of NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP) electrodes via one-step solvothermal process with addition of HDA material provides new opportunity to design SIBs electrodes with superior electrical and ionic conductivity.
Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are increasingly on demand owning to their prospect as an inexpensive alternative to Li-ion batteries. However, designing electrode materials with satisfactory rate capacity performance requires high electron transport and Na+ conductivity, which is extremely challenging. Herein, we report a hexadecylamine (HDA)-mediated synthesis of NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP) electrodes via one-step solvothermal process. The addition of HDA material (1) enables the formation of a carbon coating that improves the electron conductivity and (2) importantly serves as a structure-directing agent reducing the NTP-impurity phases in which the transport of Na+ ions are sluggish. As a result, the synthesized NTP anode delivers superior rate of capacity retention of 77.8% under the 100-fold increase in current densities. Moreover, outstanding specific capacity of 117.9 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C and capacity retention of 88.6% after 1500 cycles at 1 C can be obtained. The findings of this work provide new opportunity to design SIBs electrodes with superior electrical and ionic conductivity.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review summarizes the progress of organic cathode materials for ZIBs and points out the existing challenges and then addresses potential solutions, and it is hoped that this review can stimulate the researchers to further develop high performance OZIBs.
Abstract: Organic zinc-ion batteries (OZIBs) are emerging rechargeable energy storage devices and have attracted increasing attention as one of the promising alternatives of lithium-ion batteries, benefiting from the Zn metal (low cost, safety and small ionic size) and organic electrodes (flexibility, green and designable molecular structure). Organic electrodes have exhibited fine electrochemical performance in ZIBs, but the research is still in infancy and hampered by some issues. Hence, to provide insight into OZIBs, this review summarizes the progress of organic cathode materials for ZIBs and points out the existing challenges and then addresses potential solutions. It is hoped that this review can stimulate the researchers to further develop high-performance OZIBs.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors performed ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of β-eucryptite to study the origin of high temperature superionic phase transition in this material and provided microscopic understanding of the one-dimensional superionicity that occurs along the hexagonal c-axis and associated with the order-disorder nature of the phase transition.
Abstract: β-Eucryptite (LiAlSiO4) is a potential electrolyte for Li-ion batteries due to its high Li-ion conductivity and very small volume thermal expansion coefficient. We have performed ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of β-eucryptite to study the origin of high temperature superionic phase transition in this material. The simulations are able to provide microscopic understanding of the one-dimensional superionicity that occurs along the hexagonal c-axis and is associated with the order–disorder nature of the phase transition. The Li ionic conductivity is found to increase due to the anisotropic negative thermal expansion along the hexagonal c-axis. The introduction of defects in the crystal, such as excess Li in interstitial sites, Li vacancy and O vacancy, is found to significantly increase the ionic conductivity and hence might reduce the temperature of the superionic phase transition in this material.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review on Sb-based alloys and intermetallics for SIBs is presented, where Antimony (Sb) is one of the most important SIB anode materials owing to its high theoretical capacity and judicious reaction potential.
Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which is attributed to their cost-effectiveness and the natural abundance of sodium in the Earth's crust. However, constrained by their low energy density and poor cycling stability, the development of highly efficient anode materials for SIBs is the need of the hour. Solid-state alloying reactions can be beneficial to enhancing energy density and hence metal alloy based anode materials are considered as emerging materials for SIBs. Antimony (Sb) is one of the most important SIB anode materials owing to its high theoretical capacity and judicious reaction potential. Hence, Sb-based alloys and intermetallics have also evolved as potential candidates for SIBs. However, the major development is impeded by the volume changes associated with the sodiation/desodiation reaction. In this review we place emphasis on Sb based alloys and intermetallics and have summarized recent developments in this field of energy storage. Herein, we have discussed design strategies, developments made so far, the probable challenges and relevant mitigation-related issues associated with Sb based alloys and intermetallics.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the binder-free films of hollow Na2Ti3O7 (NTO) spheres and reduced graphene oxide were employed as anodes for sodium ion batteries.
27 citations
References
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations