Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: In this article, an electrochemical impedance analysis in terms of electrical conductivity, dielectric permittivity, and electrical modulus has been carried out of prepared sodium ion-conducting nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte.
Abstract: In the present study, electrochemical impedance analysis in terms of electrical conductivity, dielectric permittivity, and electrical modulus has been carried out of prepared sodium ion-conducting nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte. To study ion conduction behavior, frequency-dependent AC conductivity has also been analyzed. Dielectric constant (e′) and dielectric loss (e′′) as a function of frequency with different nanofiller SiO2 concentrations as well as at different temperatures ranging from 303 to 333 K have been discussed. The low-frequency region showed high values of dielectric constant due to polarization at the electrode–electrolyte interface. Frequency-dependent real (M′) and imaginary part (M′′) of modulus reveal large capacitance associated with it at lower frequency whereas dispersion (conductivity relaxation) at a higher frequency. The tangent loss (tan δ) of the electrolyte systems has been determined for different frequencies and concentrations of fumed silica nanoparticles. The high conducting nanocomposite gel polymer membrane exhibited an electrochemical stability window of ≈ 3.3 V which is sufficient to apply this material as a separator for electrochemical device application. The conductivity, dielectric, modulus, and electrochemical stability studies reveal that sodium ion-conducting nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes offer good electrochemical properties and are suitable for application in any electrochemical/power conversion device. The optimized flexible nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte films have been used in a prototype sodium battery, which shows a stable open-circuit potential of ~ 2.1 V and a significant first specific discharge capacity of ~ 500 mAh g−1 at a drain current of 14 mA g−1.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the design and synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon coating mesoporous ZnS nanospheres (m-ZnS NSs@NC) via a simple hydrothermal reaction, followed by a carbonization process.
Abstract: Metal sulfide represents one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). In this study, we report the design and synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon coating mesoporous ZnS nanospheres (m-ZnS NSs@NC) via a simple hydrothermal reaction, followed by a carbonization process. Systematic electrochemical studies demonstrate the as-developed m-ZnS NSs@NC exhibits good cycling stability and high rate capability as anode materials of SIBs. The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the special mesoporous structure of ZnS nanospheres and the polydopamine-derived N-doped carbon coating.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a cross-linked sodium-tin alloy (Na15Sn4) network host for metallic Na and fabricated a Na15sn4/Na composite foil using a simple cold calendaring approach via spontaneous reaction between metallic N and metallic Sn, which markedly mitigated the abovementioned challenges of Na metal anode.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors summarized the latest progress made on the development of carbon-based negative electrodes (including hard carbons, soft carbons and synthetic carbon allotropes) for SIBs and provided a comprehensive understanding of their physical properties.
Abstract: Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have gained tremendous attention for large‐scale energy storage applications due to the natural abundance, low cost, and even geographic distribution of sodium resources as well as a similar working mechanism to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). One of the critical bottlenecks, however, is the design of high‐performance and low‐cost anode materials. Graphite anode that has dominated the market share of LIBs does not properly intercalate sodium ions. However, other carbonaceous materials are still considered as one of the most promising anode materials for SIBs in virtue of their high electronic conductivity, abundant active sites, hierarchical porosity, and excellent mechanical stability. In this review, we have tried to summarize the latest progresses made on the development of carbon‐based negative electrodes (including hard carbons, soft carbons, and synthetic carbon allotropes) for SIBs. We also have provided a comprehensive understanding of their physical properties, the sodium ions storage mechanisms, and the improvement measures to cope with the current challenges. In addition, we have proposed future research directions for SIBs that will provide important insights into further development of carbon‐based materials for SIBs.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a series of Sn/P-based composite materials with a plum pudding configuration were fabricated to achieve controlled crystalline/amorphous structures as well as optimized size and distribution in a carbon framework.
23 citations
References
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations