Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: In this article, a Na superionic conductor (NASICON)-structured Na3TiMn(PO4)3 (NTMP) is proposed as a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries.
Abstract: Na superionic conductor (NASICON)-structured Na3TiMn(PO4)3 (NTMP) is a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. However, it suffers from a low discharge plateau at about 2.5 V, which le...
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an approach to in situ construction of new Na-based cathode materials by substitution in alkali sites is proposed to realize long-term cycling stability and high energy density in low-cost Na-ion cathodes.
Abstract: Na-ion batteries have experienced rapid development over the past decade and received significant attention from the academic and industrial communities. Although a large amount of effort has been made on material innovations, accessible design strategies on peculiar structural chemistry remain elusive. An approach to in situ construction of new Na-based cathode materials by substitution in alkali sites is proposed to realize long-term cycling stability and high-energy density in low-cost Na-ion cathodes. A new compound, [K0.444(1)Na1.414(1)][Mn3/4Fe5/4](CN)6, is obtained through a rational control of K+ content from electrochemical reaction. Results demonstrate that the remaining K+ (≈0.444 mol per unit) in the host matrix can stabilize the intrinsic K-based structure during reversible Na+ extraction/insertion process without the structural evolution to the Na-based structure after cycles. Thereby, the as-prepared cathode shows the remarkably enhanced structural stability with the capacity retention of >78% after 1800 cycles, and a higher average operation voltage of ≈3.65 V versus Na+/Na, directly contrasting the non-alkali-site-substitution cathode materials. This provides new insights into alkali-site-substitution constructing advanced Na-ion cathode materials.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an aqueous hybrid battery composed of a sodium iron hexacyanoferrate (FeHCF) cathode and a zinc anode has been proposed.
Abstract: Rechargeable aqueous batteries have received widespread interest for large-scale energy storage because of their intrinsic advantages of safety, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, great challenges still remain for developing long-life batteries with aqueous electrolytes. In this work, an aqueous hybrid battery composed of a sodium iron hexacyanoferrate (FeHCF) cathode and a zinc anode has been proposed. The coating of polyamide on Zn is effective in regulating uniform Zn plating/stripping and suppressing Zn corrosion in the aqueous electrolyte. The electrochemical window of the electrolyte was extended to 3.3 V and the dissolution of the FeHCF cathode was obviously suppressed by adding 2 vol% vinylene carbonate to the 7 M NaCF3SO3/0.1 M Zn(CF3SO3)2 solution. As a result, the aqueous electrolyte delivers a relatively high specific capacity of 75 mA h g−1 at 1C (100 mA g−1) and exhibits a good cycling stability (60% capacity retention after 4000 cycles at 10C), showing promising applications in energy storage.
20 citations
TL;DR: An additive-free anode with Sn(II) located between layers to facilitate sodiation dynamics and improve reversible capacity at subzero-T and synergistically endow the modified sample with a considerably lower activation energy and a 3-fold increase in diffusion.
Abstract: Sluggish kinetics and limited reversible capacity present two major challenges for layered titanates to achieve satisfactory sodium-ion storage performance at subzero-temperatures (subzero-T). To f...
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the challenges that are specifically faced by organic multivalent metal ion batteries are analyzed and the strategies that can probably solve such challenges are then discussed, and the perspectives are elaborated with the outlook of practical applications of organic MMIBs.
Abstract: Rechargeable organic multivalent metal‐ion batteries (MMIBs) have attracted a surge of interest as promising alternatives for large‐scale energy storage applications because they can combine the advantages of both organic electrodes and multivalent metal‐ion batteries. However, the development of organic MMIBs is hampered by many factors, which mean they lag far behind organic alkali‐metal‐ (e.g., Li‐, Na‐, and K‐) ion batteries. Herein, the challenges that are specifically faced by organic MMIBs are analyzed and the strategies that can probably solve such challenges are then discussed. As a special challenge that organic MMIBs are facing, the charge‐storage mechanism is particularly underlined to deeply understand the structure–property relationships for guiding the future design of high‐performance organic electrodes for MMIBs. The perspectives are thereby elaborated in this review with the outlook of practical applications of organic MMIBs.
20 citations
References
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
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Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations