Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: Lower concentrations of Na+/K+[B(CN)4]- salts and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO6) on transport properties enhance the overall ionic conductivity and decrease viscosity, and transport properties are improved when PEO6 oligomers are included in the electrolyte medium but these improvements continue only up to an optimum amount of PEO 6.
Abstract: We have performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate ([EMIM]+[B(CN)4]-) ionic liquid to investigate the impact of addition of Na+/K+[B(CN)4]- salts and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO6) on transport properties. These ternary mixtures are promising electrolyte materials for Na+-ion and K+-ion batteries as alternatives to the traditional Li+-ion ones. In addition, local structure was assessed through radial distribution functions. Our main findings are the following: (1) when compared to systems with larger amounts of Na+ and K+, it was observed that lower concentrations enhance the overall ionic conductivity and decrease viscosity; (2) Na+ and K+ cations prefer to be coordinated to the polymer chains rather than the [B(CN)4]- anions; (3) transport properties are improved when PEO6 oligomers are included in the electrolyte medium but these improvements continue only up to an optimum amount of PEO6. Beyond this amount, further addition of PEO6 did not have any additional impact on transport properties.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a low-cost typha-derived hard carbon material, which is prepared by a facile process with the combination of the phosphoric acid activation and the carbonization at a low temperature of 500 °C, as anode for sodium ion batteries.
20 citations
TL;DR: The mesoporous dominant cashewnut sheath derived bio carbon (CNSC-800) is reported for the first time as anode material for lithium and sodium ion batteries (LIBs and SIBs) as discussed by the authors.
20 citations
07 May 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, a micrometer-sized nanoporous Sb/C anode with high volumetric capacity and outstanding electrochemical performance is successfully synthesized using facile synthesis of a new class of solid-state reduction chemistry.
Abstract: Designing metal/C nanocomposites has been a prevalent strategy to address the volume expansion issue of alloying metal Na-ion battery (NIB) anodes but typically suffers from poor volumetric capacity. Here, micrometer-sized nanoporous Sb/C anode with high volumetric capacity and outstanding electrochemical performance is successfully synthesized using facile synthesis of a new class of solid-state reduction chemistry. The resulting Sb/C composite, containing 10 wt % C, possesses the combination of unique structural characteristics, including (1) micrometer-sized secondary particle, enabling high particle density; (2) nanoscale Sb crystallites, permitting reversible phase transformation during cycling; and (3) uniformly distributed nanoporosity, providing accommodation for Sb expansion and facile Na-ion diffusion. The Sb/C composite anode, showing outstanding cycling stability, exhibits a gravimetric capacity of 436 mAh g–1-(Sb+C), a volumetric capacity of 427 mAh cm–3 and over 80% capacity retention at nea...
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the synergistic effect of multiphase construction is proposed to achieve better properties of conversion-and alloy-type chalcogenides, including satisfactory pseudocapacitance, restrained expansion, suppressed side reactions and enhanced cycling performance.
Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been widely studied and developed due to their rich resources, low cost and high safety. Conversion- and alloy-type chalcogenides are considered to be promising anode materials because of their excellent redox reversibility and high theoretical specific capacity. However, they suffer from large volume expansion and unsatisfactory cycling stability. Multiphase construction technology has been considered as an effective strategy to solve these problems. In view of the summarized characteristics and the problems with chalcogenides, the synergistic effect of multiphase construction is proposed to achieve better properties of these materials, including satisfactory pseudocapacitance, restrained expansion, suppressed side reactions and enhanced cycling performance. Finally, an in-depth understanding and perspectives are also provided, highlighting scientific suggestions and directions for further research. This review aims to present a full scope of multiphase chalcogenides and provide insightful perspectives for the rational design of the next generation of advanced anode materials for use in SIBs.
20 citations
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations