Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a flower-like spherical FeCoS2 coated with reduced graphene oxide was prepared by a one-step hydrothermal synthesis method, and it exhibited promising cycling stability and attractive rate performance.
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TL;DR: In this article, an interesting concept of opening 3D fast ion transport channels within the intrinsic NTO frameworks is proposed to enhance the electrochemical performance through a combination of oxygen vacancy generation and cation substitution strategies, by which the interlayer spacing of the NTO framework is expanded for fast 3D Na-ion transport.
Abstract: Layered sodium titanates (NTO), one of the most promising anode materials for advanced sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), feature high theoretical capacity and no serious safety concerns. The pristine NTO electrode, however, has unfavorable Na+ transport kinetics, due to the dominant two-dimensional (2D) Na-ion transport channels within the crystal along the low energy barrier octahedron layers, which impedes the practical application of this class of potential materials. Herein, an interesting concept of opening three-dimensional (3D) fast ion transport channels within the intrinsic NTO frameworks is proposed to enhance the electrochemical performance through a combination of oxygen vacancy generation and cation substitution strategies, by which the interlayer spacing of the NTO frameworks is expanded for fast 3D Na-ion transport. It is evidenced that the oxygen-deficient and bismuth-substituted HBNTO (BixNa2-xTi3Oy, 0 < x < 2, 0 < y < 7, HBNTO) exhibits obvious enhancements on the reversible capacity (∼145% enhancement at 20 mAh g-1 compared with NTO), the rate capability (∼200% enhancement at 500 mAh g-1 compared with NTO), and the cycling stability (∼210% enhancement of retention capacity after 150 cycles at 20 mAh g-1 compared with NTO). The molecular dynamic simulations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the enhanced performance of HBNTO is contributed by the multiplied sodium diffusion pathways and the increased ion migration rates with the successful opening of 3D internal ion transport channels. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the strategies in opening the 3D intercrystal ion transport channels for boosting the electrochemical performance of SIBs.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a general one-step solid-state pyrolysis method is developed to synthesize multi-hierarchical porous carbon using bio-wastes as precursors and potassium ferrate as the pore-forming agent.
Abstract: Porous carbon is highly desired in supercapacitor electrodes due to its high specific surface area, ample pore size and superior electrochemical stability. Yet, the development of a general and simple synthetic method to prepare porous carbon remains challenging. Meanwhile, recycling waste to obtain high value-added materials is an effective way to solve environmental pollution and resource shortage problems. Herein, a general one-step solid-state pyrolysis method is developed to synthesize multi-hierarchical porous carbon using bio-wastes as precursors and potassium ferrate as the pore-forming agent. This method is superior to the traditional two-step or multi-step method due to its simple procedure, low cost, little pollution and time-saving features. The multiple pore-forming effect derived from potassium ferrate is responsible for this multi-hierarchical porous structure. The resulting porous carbon is used to fabricate symmetrical supercapacitors, exhibiting specific capacitances of 291.2 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and 240.1 F g−1 at 10 A g−1, and exceptional cyclic stability with 93.2% capacitance retention over 100 000 cycles. Furthermore, this method has been applied to five other types of bio-wastes, verifying its universality. In addition, the multiple pore-forming mechanism of potassium ferrate is investigated. This work provides a simple and general method to convert abandoned bio-wastes into ideal supercapacitor electrode materials, which hold great potential in energy storage applications.
18 citations
TL;DR: ZnSb@C microflower composites have been fabricated through C2H2-pyrolysis by the reduction of microflower-like Zn(OH)2-Sb2O3 precursors as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: ZnSb@C microflower composites have been fabricated through C2H2-pyrolysis by the reduction of microflower-like Zn(OH)2–Sb2O3 precursors. The as-formed ZnSb particles are uniformly dispersed in the synchronously formed continuous amorphous carbon matrix. Meanwhile, the flower-like morphology of the precursors has been maintained after the reducing process. As anodes for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries, the as-prepared ZnSb@C microflower composite anode exhibits a reversible capacity of 480.5 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 after 240 cycles for Li-ion batteries and a reversible capacity of 393.4 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1 after 240 cycles for Na-ion batteries, which are much better than those of the ZnSb–C particle composites. The enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to the special microflower-like and porous structure as well as the synchronously formed continuous amorphous carbon matrix.
18 citations
TL;DR: A three-electron structural reaction for Na3V2O2(PO4)2F (Na3VOPF) in space group I4/mmm shows a priori stabilisation in terms of long-life in the voltage range of 2.0-4.5 V, providing a probable route to improve fluorophosphate cathode performance.
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations