Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: High-purity CuGeO3 nanowires were prepared via a facile hydrothermal method, and their sodium storage performances were firstly explored, displaying great promise as a potential anode material for sodium ion batteries.
Abstract: Germanium is considered as a potential anode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its fascinating theoretical specific capacity. However, its poor cyclability resulted from the sluggish kinetics and large volume change during repeated charge/discharge poses major threats for its further development. One solution is using its ternary compound as an alternative to improve the cycling stability. Here, high-purity CuGeO3 nanowires were prepared via a facile hydrothermal method, and their sodium storage performances were firstly explored. The as-obtained CuGeO3 delivered an initial charge capacity of 306.7 mAh g−1 along with favorable cycling performance, displaying great promise as a potential anode material for sodium ion batteries.
17 citations
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...lithium resources which inevitably limits their large-scale application [8]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed dual carbon sodium-ion capacitors (DC-NICs) for electric vehicle applications, which is achieved by combining carbon-based battery type and capacitor type electrodes and using a suitable electrolyte.
Abstract: The abundance of sodium and the absence of costly transition metals in electrodes are the significant strongholds of dual carbon sodium-ion capacitors (DC-NICs) due to which they are cheaper and readily available compared to other prominent energy storage devices. A perfect amalgamation of energy and power density is the aim of DC-NICs, which is achieved by combining carbon-based battery type and capacitor type electrodes and using a suitable electrolyte. An optimum combination of surface area, the volume of pores, and ordering of the structure applied to both the anode and the cathode enable the efficient fusion of energy density and power density. Battery-type electrodes are mainly ordered carbon structures (graphite, hard carbon, or layered structures), which promote the faradaic mechanism-based energy storage that imparts high energy density. Structural modification aimed towards providing a higher number of pores and surface area has improved the high rate performance and power density of such structures. A majority of the capacitor-type electrodes are fabricated with a very large surface area (activated carbon or highly porous structures) to bolster the power density, which is promoted via the surface charge-storage process. Through material engineering including defects and functional groups, additional charge storage sites are created that can improve the energy density. DC-NICs fabricated from biomass precursors are promising and exhibit performance on par with that of lithium-ion batteries. High power and energy densities make DC-NICs a suitable candidate for electric vehicle applications. Though DC-NIC is a novel concept, the progress within a short time is immense, with the capability to provide clean, green, and cost-effective energy. Reported works have been studied and factors that played a crucial role in improving the performances have been highlighted. Some parameters that govern the performance of DC-NICs and can help future research works have been discussed.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this article, nonwoven graphene fiber reinforced electrodes were successfully demonstrated in flexible sodium ion capacitors (SICs) for fast electron transport and an ion permeation network, a highly compatible electrode material host, an efficient capacity contributor, and a robust flexible framework are synergistically integrated.
Abstract: Flexible fast-charging sodium ion storage devices are poised to transform the future wearable electronics industry, if the materials used to build such devices can present a versatile integration. Herein, inspired by ferroconcrete, nonwoven graphene fiber (GF) fabric reinforced electrodes were successfully demonstrated in flexible sodium ion capacitors (SICs). For the fabrics, the functionalities of fast electron transport and an ion permeation network, a highly compatible electrode material host, an efficient capacity contributor, and a robust flexible framework are synergistically integrated. These were provided by the high conductivity of the graphene sheets, the tunable porosity of the GF, and the interlocked structure, compatibility with materials, and the surface capacitive contribution of the fabrics. The nonwoven fabrics hosted multi-dimensional active materials as the ferroconcrete electrode exhibits exceptional electrochemical and mechanical properties individually. The SICs can complete an entire charge–discharge process within 15 s. A digital LED and watch powered using the flexible SICs with superior volumetric performances (12 mW h cm−3@37 mW cm−3, and 6 mW h cm−3@1.9 W cm−3) proved the practical capability of our design. We believe that the proposed nonwoven GF fabrics and the ferroconcrete electrode structure will become a universal design, and shed new light on flexible fast-charging sodium ion storage devices.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a robust mixed conducting sodium metal anode is designed through incorporating NaSICON-type solid Na-ion conductor into bulk Na, and a fast and continuous pathway for simultaneous transportation of electrons and Na+ is established throughout the composite anode.
Abstract: Sodium metal anode holds great promise in pursuing high-energy and sustainable rechargeable batteries, but severely suffers from fatal dendrite growth accompanied with huge volume change. Herein, a robust mixed conducting sodium metal anode is designed through incorporating NaSICON-type solid Na-ion conductor into bulk Na. A fast and continuous pathway for simultaneous transportation of electrons and Na+ is established throughout the composite anode. The intimate contact between Na-ion conducting phase and Na metallic phase constructs abundant two-phase boundaries for fast redox reactions. Further, the compact configuration of the composite anode substantially protects Na metal from being corroded by liquid organic electrolyte for the minimization of side reactions. Benefiting from the unique configuration, the composite anode shows highly reversible and durable Na plating/stripping behavior. The symmetric cells exhibit ultralong lifespan for over 700 h at 1 mA cm−2 with a high capacity of 5 mAh cm−2 and outstanding rate capability up to 8 mA cm−2 in the carbonate electrolyte. Full cells with Na3V2(PO4)3/C cathode demonstrate impressive cycling stability (capacity decay of 0.012% per cycle) and low charge/discharge polarization as well. This work provides new insights into rational design and development of robust sodium metal anode through an architecture engineering strategy for advanced rechargeable sodium batteries.
17 citations
TL;DR: The chemical sodium-inserted LTO material is well converted to pure NTO phase in the single particle level, via following chemical oxidation by water, and excellent stability of Na-insertion and extraction properties of single-phase NTO extends the range of constructing safe and stable high-voltage oxide-based sodium-ion battery cells in practical use.
Abstract: Sodium titanium oxide with a spinel-type structure is suitable for the stable sodium-intercalation host for the negative electrode of sodium-ion batteries, such as the spinel-type lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) material for lithium-ion batteries. Recently, this has been partly discovered as the Na3LiTi5O12 (NTO) phase in the LTO particle. However, the single-phase NTO material has never been obtained, preventing accurate material characterizations and applications. Here, we successfully realized the NTO material with the single-phase by the chemical sodium insertion-extraction process. The chemical sodium-inserted LTO material is well converted to the pure NTO phase in the single particle level, via following chemical oxidation by water. The purified material was about 97 mol % of NTO as the single-phase spinel structure with a = 8.746 A. The basic lattice framework of the prepared NTO was confirmed to be the same as that of the LTO. The single-phase NTO electrode shows 0.8 V versus Na+/Na of the Na-insertion and extraction potential, and 99.4% of Na-insertion capacity with 99.7% of Coulombic efficiency during 200 cycles of the Na-ion half-cell experiment. Further, the Na2Fe2(SO4)3/NTO full-cell shows 3 V-class stable charge-discharge character during 100 cycles. This excellent stability of Na-insertion and extraction properties of single-phase NTO extends the range of constructing safe and stable high-voltage oxide-based sodium-ion battery cells for practical use.
16 citations
References
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations