Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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09 Oct 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, a review summarizes recent advances in spinel engineering on layered oxide cathodes to boost Na+ transport kinetics and provide structural stability to achieve highperformance SIBs, focusing particularly on post-spinel structures, layered oxide integrated spinel-like structures, and spinel transition.
Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted much scientific interest for use in large-scale energy storage systems because sodium is cheaper than lithium. However, the large radius of Na+ and barriers to Na+ transport result in sluggish kinetics and complicated structural distortion, leading to unsatisfactory rate capability and poor cycling stability. It therefore is essential to develop an electrode with enhanced kinetics and a stable structure during cycling to improve SIB performance. Among the various layered oxide cathodes, those with a spinel-like structure could play an important role in boosting electron transport because of their excellent intrinsic conductivity, including by coordinating with Na+ insertion/extraction. Moreover, thanks to the inherent high stability of the spinel-like phase, it could function as a stabilizer for host cathode structures. This review summarizes recent advances in spinel engineering on layered oxide cathodes to boost Na+ transport kinetics and provide structural stability to achieve high-performance SIBs, focusing particularly on post-spinel structures, layered oxide integrated spinel-like structures, and spinel transition. The insights proposed in this review will be useful for guiding rational structural engineering and design to drive the development of new materials and chemistries in Na-based electrode materials.
130 citations
01 Mar 2018
TL;DR: In this article, an in-depth analysis of chemical and physical principles lying beyond the energy storage provided by SIBs most recently investigated active materials is given, and challenges, opportunities, and state-of-the-art description of full-cell SIB prototypes are discussed.
Abstract: As renewable energy sources are taking a wider share of worldwide energy production,[1] grids reliability and utilization efficiency are plummeting.[2,3] This is mainly due to intermittency and discontinuity of power sources, such as wind and solar, which determine uncertainties in energy production capability and in fulfilling the instantaneous energy demand. This aspect, in turn, sensibly increases the unpredictability of energy prices spikes and marginal and maintenance costs of traditional fossil fuel plants, which are demanded Since the breakthrough achieved in the research around material intercalating lithium, almost a decade has passed before the commercialization of the first lithium-ion battery (LIB). On the brink of an energy voracious future, convergence of scientific efforts over efficient and low-cost energy production and storage would be advantageous and beneficial. The research hovering around sodium-ion rechargeable batteries (SIBs), a more sustainable alternative to LIBs, has been observing a positive momentum for ten years now, and chemically stable and electrochemically performing anode and cathode materials represent important milestones on the path toward a commercial full-cell. Material science breakthroughs achieved in carbon and graphite based matrices, layered and open framework structures, and sodium storing alloys, disclose new full-cell set up opportunities going beyond traditional “rocking chair” configuration. In this contribution an in-depth analysis of chemical and physical principles lying beyond the energy storage provided by SIBs most recently investigated active materials is given. In the second half of the review, challenges, opportunities, and state-of-the art description of full-cell SIBs lab scale prototypes are discussed. The latter, indeed, stands for a technological validation of a low-cost alternative to lithium-ion batteries guaranteeing energy densities close to 150 Wh kg−1.
130 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the design principle and criteria of efficient P anodes and materials strategies that mainly leverage the knowledge accumulated for the lithium anode of silicon are discussed and the decisive role that theoretical simulation and in situ techniques play in addressing these difficulties associated with P materials.
Abstract: Phosphorus (P) offers a high theoretical capacity of 2596 mAh g–1 and thus has been intensively pursued as one of the most promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries. However, sodium storage in P anodes is facing significant technical challenges in terms of poor conductivity, large volume swelling, and an unstable solid–electrolyte interphase. These challenges need to be well mitigated before P material can be deployed in full batteries. In this Perspective, we summarize the latest research progress in the development of P anodes. We focus on the design principle and criteria of efficient P anodes and materials strategies that mainly leverage the knowledge accumulated for the lithium anode of silicon. We also highlight the decisive role that theoretical simulation and in situ techniques play in addressing these difficulties associated with P materials.
129 citations
01 Oct 2018
129 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) scaffolding framework of carbon nanosheets heavily-doped with sulphur (S-CNS) has been fabricated from plant biomass using a facile thermal method.
127 citations
References
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations