Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: In this article , the urgent need for clean and renewable energy has facilitated the development of advanced energy storage systems such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), supercapacitors (SCs), and other new energy storage technologies such as...
Abstract: The urgent need for clean and renewable energy has facilitated the development of advanced energy storage systems. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), supercapacitors (SCs) and other new energy storage technologies such as...
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new artful and green approach is designed to controllably prepare hollow porous carbon materials with the assistance of boron oxide vitreum under a relatively low temperature of 500°C.
Abstract: Carbonaceous materials exhibit promising application in electrochemical energy storage especially for hollow or porous structure due to the fascinating and outstanding properties. Although there has been achieved good progress, controllable synthesis of hollow or porous carbons with uniform morphology by a green and easy way is still a challenge. Herein, a new artful and green approach is designed to controllably prepare hollow porous carbon materials with the assistance of boron oxide vitreum under a relatively low temperature of 500 °C. The vitreous B2 O3 provides a flowing carbonization environment and acts as etching agent accompanying with boron doping. By this general strategy, hollow and porous carbon architectures with various morphology of spheres and hollow polyhedrons are successfully fabricated by metal organic framework (MOF) precursors. Furthermore, such hollow carbon materials exhibit considerably excellent Na+ /K+ storage properties through enhanced capacitive behavior due to due to the highly porous structure and large surface area. It is notable that hollow carbon spheres display nearly 90% initial Coulombic efficiency, outstanding rate capability with 130 mAh g-1 at 30 A g-1 and long cycling life for sodium ion storage.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors restacked two dimensional (2D) titania nanosheets, which have an open edge and enlarged interlayer spacing for the ion diffusion, have been doped with Fe elements and hetero-assembled with the conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO).
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TL;DR: In this article, various electrochemical properties of three titanium zirconium dual transition metal carbides (TiZrCO2, Ti2ZrC2O2, and TiZr2C 2O2) as anode materials for Na-ion batteries are systemically investigated by using density functional theory calculations.
Abstract: Na-ion batteries have attracted tremendous attention. In this work, various electrochemical properties of three titanium zirconium dual transition metal carbides (TiZrCO2, Ti2ZrC2O2, and TiZr2C2O2) as anode materials for Na-ion batteries are systemically investigated by using density functional theory calculations. Firstly, all these three systems are dynamically stable and exhibit good conductivities. Besides, all of them can realize energetically favorable double-layer adsorption of Na atoms on each side, which endows them with obviously higher capacities than their corresponding mono-titanium- and zirconium-based MXenes. Moreover, their low diffusion energy barriers (<0.3 eV) and suitable open circuit voltages further indicate that these three titanium zirconium dual transition metal carbides are promising anode materials for Na-ion batteries. More importantly, our work opens an avenue to exploit other dual transition metal carbides as high-performance anode materials for Na-ion batteries.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article, high-volatile bituminous coal analyzed in its raw and thermally processed states in half-cells for energy storage (sodium and lithium ion batteries) is presented.
Abstract: The expanding market for secondary batteries is attentive for novel carbonaceous anode materials due to the continuing demand for energy storage systems that grant access for mobile applications, transportation, and stationary systems. Accordingly, natural high‐volatile bituminous coal analyzed in its raw and thermally processed states in half‐cells for energy storage (sodium‐ and lithium‐ion batteries) is presented. Thermal annealing is carried out at various temperatures (800, 1000, and 1200 °C) and in different annealing atmospheres (argon and nitrogen). Morphology and structural alterations are observed and detected via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, elemental analysis, and textural porosity evaluations. Electrochemical experiments show satisfactory reversible capacities (223 mAh g−1 vs Na and 409 mAh g−1 vs Li) and retentions remarkable for low‐temperature annealed samples. Exploiting this neglected carbonaceous mining ore debris provides prospective ecological, economic, and energetic assertions. This work also discusses the positive influence of annealing under a nitrogen atmosphere at reduced temperatures (800 °C).
14 citations
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations