Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: In this Review, the recent progress of the sodium-ion storage performances of MOF-derived materials, including MOf-derived porous carbons, metal oxides, metal oxide/carbon nanocomposites, and other materials (e.g., metal phosphide, metal sulfides, and metal selenides), as SIB anodes is systematically and completely presented and discussed.
Abstract: Recently, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are extensively explored and are regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries for electrochemical energy conversion and storage, owing to the abundant raw material resources, low cost, and similar electrochemical behavior of elemental sodium compared to lithium. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted enormous attention due to their high surface areas, tunable structures, and diverse applications in drug delivery, gas storage, and catalysis. Recently, there has been an escalating interest in exploiting MOF-derived materials as anodes for sodium energy storage due to their fast mass transport resulting from their highly porous structures and relatively simple preparation methods originating from in situ thermal treatment processes. In this Review, the recent progress of the sodium-ion storage performances of MOF-derived materials, including MOF-derived porous carbons, metal oxides, metal oxide/carbon nanocomposites, and other materials (e.g., metal phosphides, metal sulfides, and metal selenides), as SIB anodes is systematically and completely presented and discussed. Moreover, the current challenges and perspectives of MOF-derived materials in electrochemical energy storage are discussed.
124 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a conductive Fe9S10 core and carbon coating are developed with a dense spatial geometry architecture and demonstrated as an advanced anode for simultaneously achieving high volumetric capacity and enhanced the reaction kinetics in both sodium ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs).
124 citations
TL;DR: A phosphorene/MXene hybrid anode with an in situ formed fluorinated interphase for stable and fast sodium storage and a high reversible capacity and superior cycling performance is reported.
Abstract: The stacking of complementary 2D materials into hybrid architectures is desirable for batteries with enhanced capacity, fast charging and long lifetime. However, the 2D heterostructures for energy ...
124 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review computational studies on electrode materials in sodium-ion batteries and summarize the current state-of-the-art computational techniques and their applications in investigating the structure, ordering, diffusion, and phase transformation in cathode and anode materials for NIB.
Abstract: DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201702998 energy density and long cycle life, current LIBs are still too expensive for largescale grid-level storage.[2] Na-ion battery (NIB) is a promising, cheaper alternative to LIB for rechargeable energy storage. NIB owns the following advantages in cost over LIB.[2] Na is highly abundant in the Earth’s crust, compared to relatively scarce lithium, which is concentrated in limited geological regions.[2] Inexpensive and lightweight aluminum can be used as current collectors in NIBs to replace the heavier and more expensive copper used at the anode side in LIBs.[3] Furthermore, the expensive transition metal elements that are heavily used in the cathodes of LIBs, such as Co and Ni, may be replaced by much less expensive elements, such as Mn and Fe, in NIBs.[2,4] NIB shares similar functioning mechanism as LIB, as Na ions shuttling between two Na-ion hosting electrodes through an organic liquid electrolyte under cycling voltage.[5] Currently, the performance of NIBs, including energy density, power density, and cycle life, at laboratory scale, is nearly comparable to that of commercial LIBs.[6–8] For example, a number of layered oxide cathodes are demonstrated with a high capacity of 190 mA h g−1,[7,9] a high rate of 30 C,[10] and a long cycle life of a few hundred cycles.[11] Recent research efforts in NIBs demonstrated the promise of building NIB systems that have performance comparable to LIBs. The similarity in the operational mechanisms of NIBs and LIBs serves as a good foundation for the research and development of NIBs. However, the differences between Na and Li lead to many challenges and new opportunities for NIBs. The sodiation potentials are often lower than the lithiation potentials in the same materials, leading to lower voltages in NIBs than in LIBs.[12] In addition, there is a common myth that the Na ion, with its larger radius, is expected to exhibit slower diffusion kinetics than the Li ion. However, the much larger chemical space of sodium compounds compared to the lithium counterparts offers many opportunities to overcome these aforementioned challenges. For example, while only a few transition metals form electrochemically active lithium layered oxides,[12–14] such as LiCoO2 and LiNiO2, more transition metals, such as Fe,[15] Co,[16] Mn,[17] Ni,[18] Cr,[13,18] Ti,[19] etc., can form sodium layered oxides, which have a number of layered structure polymorphs with demonstrated good battery performance.[20] Sodium-ion batteries have attracted extensive interest as a promising solution for large-scale electrochemical energy storage, owing to their low cost, materials abundance, good reversibility, and decent energy density. For sodium-ion batteries to achieve comparable performance to current lithium-ion batteries, significant improvements are still required in cathode, anode, and electrolyte materials. Understanding the functioning and degradation mechanisms of the materials is essential. Computational techniques have been widely applied in tandem with experimental investigations to provide crucial fundamental insights into electrode materials and to facilitate the development of materials for sodium-ion batteries. Herein, the authors review computational studies on electrode materials in sodium-ion batteries. The authors summarize the current state-of-the-art computational techniques and their applications in investigating the structure, ordering, diffusion, and phase transformation in cathode and anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The unique capability and the obtained knowledge of computational studies as well as the perspectives for sodium-ion battery materials are discussed in this review. Sodium-Ion Batteries
124 citations
References
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations