Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: Hybrid of Mn3O4 nanoparticles and hollow carbon spheres prepared from templated pyrolysis of polydopamine were assembled via a straightforward sonication procedure as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Hybrids of Mn3O4 nanoparticles and hollow carbon spheres prepared from templated pyrolysis of polydopamine were assembled via a straightforward sonication procedure The resulting hybrids exhibit excellent catalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in prototype Zn–air batteries Impressively, these catalysts exhibit higher discharge potential and exceptional stability when compared to commercial Pt–Ru catalysts while simultaneously showing comparable onset potential and maximum current density
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TL;DR: In this article, an ether-based non-flammable electrolyte, 1 M NaBF4 in tetraglyme, is tested for sodium storage using a non-carbonaceous anode material Na2Ti3O7/C, and the results are compared with those obtained with the popularly used carbonate-based electrolyte.
Abstract: In order to become commercially viable, sodium-ion batteries need to deliver long cycle life with good capacity and energy density while still ensuring safety. Electrolyte plays a key role forming solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers at low potential, which affects the thermal stability and cycle life of the anode materials under consideration. In this study, an ether-based non-flammable electrolyte, 1 M NaBF4 in tetraglyme, is tested for sodium storage using a non-carbonaceous anode material Na2Ti3O7/C, and the results are compared with those obtained with the popularly used carbonate-based electrolyte, 1 M NaClO4 in ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC) (v/v = 1:1). The Na2Ti3O7/C versus Na cells using 1 M NaBF4 in tetraglyme show a much higher first cycle Coulombic efficiency (73%) than those using 1 M NaClO4 in EC/PC (33%). Thermal stability studies using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) conclusively show that Na2Ti3O7/C electrodes cycled with 1 M NaBF4 in tetraglyme are more thermally stable than the one cycled with 1 M NaClO4 in EC/PC. Further investigations on the formation of SEI layers were performed using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and DSC studies. These studies unambiguously demonstrate that the SEI formed on Na2Ti3O7/C using 1 M NaBF4 in tetraglyme is not only less resistive but also more stable than the SEI formed using 1 M NaClO4 in EC/PC.
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TL;DR: In this article, Zn substitution in Na0.67Ni0.23Zn0.1Mn 0.67O2 is found to significantly improve the cycling stability, especially in the potential range of 1.5-4.3
Abstract: P2-type Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 has attracted particular attention as a cathode for sodium-ion batteries. However, its cycling stability in the potential range of 1.5–4.3 V is poor due to the phase transition at high potential and dissolution of manganese in the electrolyte solution at low potential. Herein, Zn substitution in Na0.67Ni0.23Zn0.1Mn0.67O2 is found to significantly improve the cycling stability, especially in the potential range of 1.5–4.3 V. XRD analysis and EDS elemental mapping indicate that Zn2+ ions take part in the crystallization of P2-type layered structure. The SEM measurement demonstrates that Zn substitution is beneficial for the growth of the P2-type layered structure. Charge/discharge profiles and ex-situ XRD provide evidences that Na0.67Ni0.23Zn0.1Mn0.67O2 exhibits a solid solution process at Ni4+/Ni3+ redox reaction and remains P2-type structure at potential up to 4.4 V. Zn substitution efficiently improves the cycling performances in the potential range of both 2.5–4.3 V and 1.5–4.3 V. When cycling in 1.5–4.3 V at a current density of 1 C (173 mA g−1), the specific capacity of Na0.67Ni0.23Zn0.1Mn0.67O2 changes from 142.2 mAh g−1 at 1st cycle to 129.0 mAh g−1 at 50th cycle, corresponding to 90.7% capacity retention. Zn substitution inhibits the phase transition at high potential and thus decreases the bulk manganese ions exposure to the electrolyte solution, so dissolution of surface manganese is efficiently suppressed at low potential. Na0.67Ni0.23Zn0.1Mn0.67O2 delivers an initial discharge capacity of 176.3 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and a capacity of 86.3 mAh g−1 at 5 C, exhibiting enhanced rate capability.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a comprehensive discussion on the development and application of pristine Fe-MOFs in lithium-ion batteries, sodium ion batteries, potassium-ion battery, metal-air batteries and lithium-sulfur batteries is presented.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a ZrO2-coated Na2/3Ni 1/6Co1/6Mn 2/3O2 was used to improve the cyclic stability of P2-type ternary cathodes for sodium ion batteries.
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References
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations