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Journal ArticleDOI

Sodium-ion batteries: present and future

19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Li and Na metals have the highest theoretical anode capacity for Li/Na batteries, but the operational safety hazards stemming from uncontrolled growth of Li and Na dendrites and unstable electrode-electrolyte interfaces hinder their real-world applications as discussed by the authors.

123 citations


Cites background from "Sodium-ion batteries: present and f..."

  • ...Meanwhile, driven by the limited and uneven distribution of global lithium resources in addition to the higher abundance and lower cost of Na compared to Li, Na metal batteries have also attracted considerable research interest [6-8]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) is an attractive prospect for energy storage in applications ranging from portable devices to large scale energy storage grids as discussed by the authors. But practical application of SIBs is...
Abstract: Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) is an attractive prospect for energy storage in applications ranging from portable devices to large scale energy storage grids. However practical application of SIBs is ...

122 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, different types of anode materials for SIBs are summarized according to their reaction mechanism, and the problems for each type are pointed out, and specific structural design approaches for different anode material to improve its sodium storage performance are described in detail.
Abstract: With the high consumption and increasing price of lithium resources, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as attractive and promising potential alternatives to lithium ion batteries, owing to the abundance and low cost of sodium resources, and the similar electrochemical properties of sodium to lithium. Nevertheless, the lower energy density and limited cycling life of SIBs are still the main challenges impeding their wide application. Tremendous work has been done on anode materials for SIBs, and rational structural design is considered as an effective way to enhance their electrochemical performance. In this review, different types of anode materials for SIBs are summarized according to their reaction mechanism, and the problems for each type are pointed out. Specific structural design approaches for each type of anode material to improve its sodium storage performance are described in detail, and the benefits of different structural designs are explained as well.

122 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A one-dimensional (1D) π-d conjugated coordination polymer for high performance sodium-ion batteries is reported and the chemical states of the obtained coordination polymer are clearly revealed.
Abstract: π-d Conjugated coordination polymers (CCPs) have attracted much attention for various applications, although the chemical states and structures of many CCPs are still blurry. Now, a one-dimensional (1D) π-d conjugated coordination polymer for high performance sodium-ion batteries is presented. The chemical states of the obtained coordination polymer are clearly revealed. The electrochemical process undergoes a three-electron reaction and the structure transforms from C=N double bonds and NiII to C-N single bonds and NiI , respectively. Our unintentional experiments provided visual confirmation of NiI . The existence of NiI was further corroborated by its X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and its catalytic activity in Negishi cross-coupling.

122 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the development of sodium and potassium ion batteries with higher energy density is gaining great attention, although recently proposed alloying anodes (e.g., Sn and Bi) demonstrate much higher capacitance.
Abstract: Development of sodium and potassium ion batteries with greater energy density is gaining great attention. Although recently proposed alloying anodes (e.g., Sn and Bi) demonstrate much higher capaci...

120 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
18 Nov 2011-Science
TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.

11,144 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
26 May 2006-Science
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.

4,848 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.

4,578 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.

3,776 citations