scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal ArticleDOI

Sodium-ion batteries: present and future

19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.

Content maybe subject to copyright    Report

Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a bottom-up approach was proposed to afford rapid and productive preparation of NaxMn[Fe(CN)6]y with the low defect and high sodium content.

12 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel synthetic method for the formation of yolkshell structure is proposed and demonstrated by the NiCo2O4 yolk-shell spheres (NCO-YS).

12 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the dynamics of Na ions in amorphous Na batteries have been investigated by employing the quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) technique in the temperature range 300 to 748 K.
Abstract: The dynamics of Na ions in amorphous $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}_{2}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{i}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$, a potential solid electrolyte material for Na battery, have been investigated by employing. the quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) technique in the temperature range 300 to 748 K. To understand the diffusion pathways and relaxation timescales of Na ionic diffusion, the experimental studies are complemented by ab initio and force-field molecular dynamics simulations. The QENS data are fairly well described by a jump-diffusion model with a mean jump length of about 3 \AA{} and residence time about 9 ps. Our molecular dynamics simulations have predicted that the diffusion of $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}^{+}$ ions occurs in the amorphous phase of $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}_{2}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{i}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ while absent in the crystalline orthorhombic phase even up to 1100 K. The molecular dynamics simulations have revealed that in the amorphous phase, due to different orientations of silicon polyhedral units, several accessible pathways are opened up for $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}^{+}$ diffusions. These pathways are not available in the crystalline phase of $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}_{2}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{i}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ due to rigid spatial arrangement of silicon polyhedral units.

12 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a free-standing hierarchical sponge composed of the upper-layer Graphene@TiO2 composites and under-layer graphene was prepared as a sodium-ion anode.

12 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the authors systematically discussed the different reaction mechanisms and accounted the development of metal sulfide-based materials and their challenges in SIB anodes, which can enable the overall reactions at large energy densities with reasonable cost.
Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are currently evolving as a viable substitute for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of the abundant availability and reasonable cost of sodium. As Na is thrice heavier and possesses a lower standard electrochemical potential than Li, it makes the built-in SIBs difficult to outclass the LIBs in terms of energy density, specific capacity, or rate capability. In SIBs, thus far investigation of cathode materials such as polyanionic compounds and layered transition metal oxides has been the center of attention in the ongoing research and very limited emphasis is paid to anodes materials. Generally, assessment of SIB anode materials needs an adequate correlation with the analogue reaction in LIBs. Hence, recent researches are directed toward the advancement of worthy anode materials for SIBs, which can enable the overall reactions at large energy densities with reasonable cost. In the same vein, metal sulfides and their composites with carbon have lately attracted a good deal of attention as high-performance anode to the development of SIBs. Therefore, in this chapter we have systematically discussed the different reaction mechanisms and accounted the development of metal sulfide–based materials and their challenges in SIB anodes.

12 citations

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
18 Nov 2011-Science
TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.

11,144 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
26 May 2006-Science
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.

4,848 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.

4,578 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.

3,776 citations