Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a large interlayer spacing ferric ion substituted vanadium oxide nanotubes (Fe-VNTs) are fabricated using dodecylamine as a template via a facile hydrothermal treatment followed by a Ferric ion substitution process.
Abstract: Sodium ion batteries (SIBs), as a potential alternative to Li-ion batteries (LIBs), have attracted great attention from researchers. Herein, large interlayer spacing ferric ion substituted vanadium oxide nanotubes (Fe-VNTs) are fabricated using dodecylamine as a template via a facile hydrothermal treatment followed by a ferric ion substitution process. The distances between the adjacent layers of VNT, Fe-VNTs and orthorhombic V2O5 are 2.7 nm, 1.2 nm and 0.44 nm, respectively. The larger interlamellar spacing results in faster Na+ diffusion reaction kinetics, and the insertion of ferric ion into vanadium oxide layers removes the organic templates between the vanadium oxide layers, leading to high conductivity and small electrochemical reaction resistance. Serving as the sodium ion battery cathode, Fe-VNTs display enhanced sodium storage performance over orthorhombic V2O5.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the edge dominated nitrogen species confer strong K+ adsorption capability, thus contributing a rapid surface-controlled potassium ion battery adaption process, and the as-prepared hollow porous N,Pcodoped carbon spheres exhibit comparable reversible capacities, outstanding rate performance, and stable cycling ability.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the topological semi-metallic carbon, HZGM-42, has great potential as an anode material for SIBs.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a P2-type Na0.67Ni0.1Co0.8O2 material was proposed for low-temperature (LT) applications, which has an excellent Na+ diffusion coefficient (approximately 10−9−10−7).
Abstract: To power large-scale energy storage systems, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) must have not only high-energy density but also high performance under a low-temperature (LT) environment. P2-type manganese oxides with high specific capacity are promising cathode candidates for SIBs, but their LT applications are limitedly explored. We proposed a P2-type Na0.67Ni0.1Co0.1Mn0.8O2 material with outstanding LT performance prepared through reasonable structure modulation. The material offers an excellent Na+ diffusion coefficient (approximately 10−9–10−7.5 cm2 s−1) at −20°C, a superior LT discharge capacity of 147.4 mA h g−1 in the Na half-cell system, and outstanding LT full cell performance (energy density of 358.3 W h kg−1). Various characterisations and density function theory calculations results show that the solid solution reaction and pseudocapacitive feature promote the diffusion and desolvation of Na+ from the bulk electrode to interface, finally achieving superior electrochemical performance at LT.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a planar and flexible 3D printed NIMB is demonstrated with 3D interconnected conductive thick microelectrodes for ultrahigh areal capacity and boosted rate capability.
Abstract: Rechargeable sodium‐ion microbatteries (NIMBs) constructed using low‐cost and abundant raw materials in planar configuration with both cathode and anode on the same substrate hold promise for powering coplanar microelectronics, but are hindered by the low areal capacity owing to the thin microelectrodes. Here, a prototype of planar and flexible 3D‐printed NIMBs is demonstrated with 3D interconnected conductive thick microelectrodes for ultrahigh areal capacity and boosted rate capability. Rationally optimized 3D printable inks with appropriate viscosities and high conductivity allow the multilayer printing of NIMB microelectrodes reaching a very high thickness of ≈1200 µm while maintaining effective ion and electron‐transfer pathways in them. Consequently, the 3D‐printed NIMBs deliver superior areal capacity of 4.5 mAh cm−2 (2 mA cm−2), outperforming the state‐of‐the‐art printed microbatteries. The NIMBs show enhanced rate capability with 3.6 mAh cm−2 at 40 mA cm−2 and robust long‐term cycle life up to 6000 cycles. Furthermore, the planar NIMB microelectrodes, despite the large thickness, exhibit decent mechanical flexibility under various bending conditions. This work opens a new avenue for the construction of high‐performance NIMBs with thick microelectrodes capable of powering flexible microelectronics.
11 citations
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations