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Journal ArticleDOI

Sodium-ion batteries: present and future

19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a sodium titanate/titanium dioxide/C (C•NTC) heterostructure composite was reported with oxygen vacancies (OVs) that delivers a high specific capacity of 92.6 mAh g•1 at 5 A g'1 after 35 000 cycles (100% capacity retention).
Abstract: Sodium‐ion batteries are a promising large‐scale electrochemical energy storage system because of their excellent cost advantage compared with lithium‐ion batteries. However, the lack of high safety, low cost, and long service life anode materials hinder its actual development. Here, a sodium titanate/titanium dioxide/C (C‐NTC) heterostructure composite is reported with oxygen vacancies (OVs) that delivers a high specific capacity of 92.6 mAh g‐1 at 5 A g‐1 after 35 000 cycles (100% capacity retention) and excellent rate performance of 54 mAh g‐1 at 20 A g‐1 when tested in combination with a Na‐metal anode. Moreover, sodium‐ion full batteries assembled with C‐NTC as the anode and Na3V2(PO4)3@C‐BN as the cathode demonstrates a high specific capacity after 5500 cycles. Electrochemical kinetic tests and density functional theory measurements confirm that the synergistic effect of heterostructure and OVs accelerate the ion/electron transfer kinetics, the stable frame structure, and solid electrolyte interphase layer ensuring the long cycle life. Ex‐situ X‐ray photon spectroscopy reveals that the generation of Ti0 by disproportionation reactions may be responsible for the degradation of Ti‐based oxide performance, which provides unique insight and guidance for the design of titanium‐based electrodes with ultra‐long cycle life.

9 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a trimethyl phosphate (TMP) based sodium ion conducting flame-retardant gel polymer electrolyte for safer electrochemical applications is reported, which has been utilized for proto-type Na battery and EDLC application.
Abstract: We report a trimethyl phosphate (TMP) based sodium ion conducting flame-retardant gel polymer electrolyte for safer electrochemical applications. The physical investigations reveal superior amorphicity and thermal stability of electrolyte utilizing TMP solvent as compared to the conventionally used binary mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC). The TMP based electrolyte membrane displays better ionic conductivity (∼ 1.40 mS cm−1) as compared to the membrane with EC:PC solvent mixture (∼ 0.72 mS cm−1) at 30°C with higher electrochemical stability window of ∼ 4.5 V and superior Na+ transport characteristics. The TMP based electrolyte has been utilized for proto-type sodium battery and EDLC application. The proto-type Na battery displays an open circuit potential of ∼ 2.3 V and specific discharge capacity of ∼ 225 mA h g−1. The electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) fabricated using the TMP based electrolyte and activated carbon electrodes shows specific capacitance of ∼100 F g−1 and is stable up to 4000 charge–discharge cycles.

9 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed electrodes cycling stably at high areal mass loadings for sodium ion batteries (SIB) to reach practical applications, but remains challenging due to the larger ionic radius of Na+ and generally sluggish electrochemical kinetics in thick electrodes.

9 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new strategy was proposed to synthesize CoSx-carbon composite (CoSx@C) from a sulfur-rich metal-organic framework for SIBs.

9 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
18 Nov 2011-Science
TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.

11,144 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
26 May 2006-Science
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.

4,848 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.

4,578 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.

3,776 citations