Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: In this paper , Zhang et al. provided an in-depth theoretical study on the underlying mechanisms of ion diffusion and stability for better understanding of the experimental results and self-consistently calculate the Hubbard U parameters for Mn and Cr in the NMCP system using the linear response approach and successfully reproduce the three voltage plateaus observed in the experiment.
Abstract: The NASICON-type polyanionic compounds are promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their robust framework and high work voltage. Motivated by the recent synthesis of high-performance Na4MnCr(PO4)3(NMCP) [Zhang et al. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1906348] that exhibits a reversible three-electron process with a high energy density of 566.5 Wh/kg, we provide an in-depth theoretical study on the underlying mechanisms of ion diffusion and stability for a better understanding of the experimental results. We self-consistently calculate the Hubbard U parameters for Mn and Cr in the NMCP system using the linear response approach and successfully reproduce the three voltage plateaus observed in the experiment. At the low voltage plateau, the Na+ ions diffuse with both concerted and stepwise migration mechanisms, and the corresponding energy barrier is 0.18 and 0.21 eV. The synergy of these two mechanisms results in fast diffusion kinetics for the Na ion in NMCP. Besides, the redox couples of Mn2+/Mn3+, Mn3+/Mn4+, and Cr3+/Cr4+ are confirmed theoretically in good agreement with the experiment. Despite the distinct changes of O-2p states during the charging/discharging process, the NASICON framework of NMCP withstands the formations of O2 or (O2)2–, thus exhibiting high stability. Especially, we have identified the locking effect of Na+ ions at low Na+ concentration due to the large site energy difference and weak concerted migration, which can be effectively modulated by enlarging the lattice constants to improve the performance of NMCP during cycling.
9 citations
TL;DR: A sodium-rich vanadium compound is investigated as a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries, which delivers a high reversible capacity of 194 mA h g-1 after activating to 4.7 V, demonstrating that Na4V2O7 is structurally-stable.
9 citations
TL;DR: Using density functional theory calculations and thoroughly examining P ↔ O transitions in Na xVO2 as a case study, atomic-level understanding is provided into the glide-driven processes in these compounds to rationalize the commonly observed effect of high Na contents on preventing gliding processes at low states of charge.
Abstract: Among high-capacity, low-cost cathode contenders for Na-ion batteries, layered transition-metal oxides are particularly promising materials. Yet there is a strong need to improve their long-term st...
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a facile one-step hydrothermal approach is applied to synthesize interconnected and homogeneous Cu3VS4 microspheres with enhanced intrinsic conductivity, which is beneficial for improving electrochemical kinetics and modulation the stress relief.
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TL;DR: In this paper, an Al cathode coordinated with ionic liquid catholyte consisting of 1-ethyl-3methylimidazolium chloride (EMImCl) and aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) is designed to pair with Na metal anode to produce a high-performance rechargeable sodium battery.
9 citations
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations